Annex B - Full lists of species for bio-engineering in the road sector

B1: FULL LISTS OF SPECIES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

GRASSES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR (including small legumes)

Local name		Botanical name	Rec	Character	Altitude	Sites	Best propagation	Seed collection	Comments
Amliso		Thysanolaena maxima		Large clumping	Terai - 2000 m	Varied	Slip cuttings	Mar-Apr	Best in damper areas
Babiyo		Eulaliopsis binata		Medium-sized clumping	Terai - 1500 m	Hot and dry	Slip cuttings/seeds	Jan-Feb
Bansko ghans		Eragrostis tenella		Large spreading	500 - 1800 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan
Blue panic grass		Panicum antidotate		Medium-sized spreading	500 - 1800 m	Varied and dry	Slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Buffalo grass		Cenchrus ciliaria		Medium-sized spreading (exotic)	500 - 1800 m	Varied and dry	Slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Clover		Trifolium species		Small spreading legume (exotic)	Terai - 2000 m	Varied; moist	Stem cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Dangre khar		Cymbopogon pendulus		Large clumping	Terai - 1200 m	Varied	Seeds	Dec-Jan	Best in damper areas
Desmodium		Desmodium distortum		Spreading legume (exotic)	Terai - 1800 m	Varied	Stem/slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Desmodium greenleaf		Desmodium intortum		Spreading legume (exotic)	Terai - 2000 m	Varied and dry	Stem/slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Dhonde		Neyraudia reynaudiana		Large clumping	Terai - 1500 m	Hot and dry	Stem/slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan	15,520,000 seeds/kg
Dubo		Cynodon dactylon		Small creeping	Terai - 1800 m	Varied	Stem cuttings	Use cuttings
Dhungre		Unknown		Large clumping	1500 - 2500 m	Damp or shady	Large slip cuttings	Dec-Jan
Dhus		Unknown		Large clumping	1500 - 2500 m	Varied, dry to moist	Slip/stem cuttings	Dec-Jan
Jaughans		Unknown		Medium-large spreading	1600 - 3000 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	May-Jun
Kagati ghans		Cymbopogon citratus		Medium-large clumping	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Nov-Dec
Kans		Saccharum spontaneum		Large clumping and spreading	Terai - 2000 m	Hot and dry to moist	Slip cuttings	Nov-Dec	Very tough on all sites
Katara khar		Themeda species		Large clumping	Terai - 2000 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Oct-Nov
Khar		Cymbopogon microtheca		Medium-large clumping	500 - 2000 m	Hot and dry; varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan	1,681,000 seeds/kg
Khus		Vetiveria lawsoni		Medium-large clumping	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	Slip cuttings	Sep-Nov	Fill slopes only; 1,712,000 seeds/kg
Kikiyu, thulo dubo		Pennisetum clandestinum		Small creeping (exotic)	Terai - 1800 m	Varied	Stem/slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Kudzu		Pueraria lobata		Spreading legume (exotic)	500 - 1500 m	Varied	Stem/slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Molasses		Melinis minutiflora		Medium-large spreading (exotic)	Terai - 1800 m	Varied to dry	Slip cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Musekharuki		Pogonatherum paniceum (?)		Small spreading	Terai - 2500 m	Varied	Slip cuttings	Use cuttings
Napier		Pennisetum purpureum		Large semi clumping (exotic)	Terai - 1750 m	Varied; needs fertile soil	Stem cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Narkat		Arundo clonax		Large clumping and spreading	Terai - 1500 m	Hot and dry; varied	Stem/slip cuttings	Nov-Jan
NB21		P. Purpureum x typhoides		Spreading (exotic)	Terai - 1750 m	Varied	Stem cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Padang bans		Himalayacalamus hookerianus		Large clumping (small-stature bamboo)	1500 - 2500 m	Moist	Large slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Phurke		Arunduella nepalensis		Medium-sized clumping	700 - 2000 m	Varied; stony	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan	1,809,000 seeds/kg
Rato kans		Frianthus rufipilus		Medium-sized clumping	900 - 2200 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan
Salimo khar		Chrysopogon gryllus		Medium-large clumping	800 - 2000 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan
Setaria		Setaria anceps		Medium-large spreading (exotic)	500 - 2500 m	Varied to dry	Slip cuttings/seeds	Jul-Aug	High grazing risk
Sito		Neyraudia arundinacea		Large clumping	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan	Higher rainfall areas; 16,390,000 seeds/kg
Stylo		Stylosanthes guianensis		Spreading legume (exotic)	500 - 1500 m	Varied	Stem/slip cuttings	Use cuttings	High grazing risk
Thulo kharuki		Capipedium assimile (?)		Medium-large clumping	600 - 2000 m	Varied	Slip cuttings/seeds	Dec-Jan	Higher rainfall areas
Tite nigalo bans		Drepanostachyum intermedium		Large clumping (small stature bamboo)	1000 - 2500 m	Varied	Large slip cuttings	Use cuttings	Drier sites than padang

Rec: = particularly recommended for roadside areas.

B2: FULL LISTS OF SPECIES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

SHRUBS; SMALL TREES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

Local name		Botanical name	Rec	Character	Altitude	Sites	Best propagation	Seed collection	Seeds/kg (months)	Viability	Comments
Aak		Calatropha giganteum		Small shrub, large fleshy leaves	Terai - 1000 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Feb-Mar	About 500,000	6
Ainselu		Rubus ellipticus		Thorny shrub up to 2 m high	1000 - 2500 m	Varied	Seeds/root cuttings	Nov-Dec	About 50,000	6
Alainchi		Elettaria cardomomum		Herb up to 2 m high	1000 - 2000 m	Moist	Seeds/polypots	?	-	-	Bears heavy shade
Amala		Phyllanthus emblica		Small tree	Terai - 1500 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Sep-Jan	-	-	Coppices well
Amba/ambak		Psidium guajava		Small tree, up to 5 m	Terai-2000 m	Varied and dry	Seeds/polypots	Aug-Oct	About 10,000	12
Aparajita		Clitoria ternatea		Climbing shrub (exotic)	Terai - 1500 m	Varied and dry	Seeds	?	-	-	Legume; high grazing risk
Areri		Acacia pennata		Small thorny tree, up to 5 m	500 - 1500 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Nov-Dec	36,000	12	36,000 seeds/kg
Argali		Unknown		Shrub up to 3 m high	1500 - 2500 m	Varied, dry to moist	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-	Not used as a fodder
Arile kanda		Caesalpinia decapetala		Thorny climber (exotic)	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	Seeds/stem cuttings	?	-	-
Armalito, seabuckthorn		Hippophae salicifolia		Small thorny tree	1000 - 2500 m	Varied and dry	Seeds/polypots	Aug-Nov	130,000	12	Strongly promoted for bio-engineering in China
Asuro		Adhatoda vasica		Shrub up to 3 m high	Terai - 1000 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Bains		Salix tetrasperma		Tree up to 15m high	Terai-2700 m	Moist	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-	High grazing risk; coppices well
Bains		Unknown; not Salix		Shrub up to 5 m high	1300 - 2000 m	Varied to moist; bears shade	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Baganbeli/ baramase phul		Bougainvillea spectabilis		Thorny climber (exotic)	Terai - 1500 m	Varied and dry	Stem cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Ban chutro		Berberis aristata		Thorny shrub up to 2 m high	1500 - 3000 m	Varied and dry	Seeds/polypots	?	-	-
Ban silam		Elsholtzia blanda		Shrub	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	?	?	-	-
Bayer		Zizyphus mauritiana		Thorny shrub up to 4 m high	Terai - 1200 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Dec-Mar	1,000	24
Bhimsenpati		Buddleja asiatica		Shrub up to 4 m high	600 - 1800 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Bhui katahar		Ananas comosus		Thorny herb up to 1 m high	Terai - 1600 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Stem cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Bhujetro		Butea minor		Shrub up to 4 m high	500-1500 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Direct seeding	Nov-Jan	450	18	450 seeds/kg, including separated pod segments
Bilaune		Maesa chisia		Shrub	Terai-2000 m	Varied	?	?	-	-
Bokshi ghans		Mimosa rubicaulis		Shrub up to 3 m high	500 - 1700 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-
Chiya		Camellia sinensis (and other species)		Shrub up to 4 m high	Terai-2000 m	Varied and moist	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Chutro		Berberis asiatica		Thorny shrub up to 2 m high	1000 - 2500 m	Varied and dry	Seeds/polypots	Mar-Apr	-	-
Coffee		Coffea arabica		Shrub up to 2 m high	Terai-2000 m	Varied	Seeds/polypots	Aug	About 500	3
Dhanyero		Woodfordia fruticosa		Shrub up to 3 m high	Terai - 1500 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Mar-Apr	About 1,000,000	12
Dhusun		Colebrookea oppositifolia		Shrub up to 3 m high	Terai - 1000 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Mar	About 1,000,000	12
Gahate		Desmodium species		Shrub up to 4 m high	400 - 1500 m	Varied	Seeds/polypots	?	-	-	Eastern Nepal; different from gahate in Far West
Ghangaru		Pyracantha crenulata		Shrub up to 2m high	1500 - 2500 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings (?)	Use cuttings	-	-
Ghurmiso		Leucosceptrum canum		Tree up to 8 m high	1000 - 2500 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-	Coppices well
Hasna/hasua		Cestrum nocturnum		Shrub	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	?	?	-	-
Imali		Rumex hastatus		Herb up to 1 m high	600-2000 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds	Mar-Apr	About 250,000	6
Kanda phul		Lantana camara		Shrub up to 2 m high	Terai - 1750 m	Hot and dry	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-	Not hard cut slopes
Kera		Musa paradisiaca		Tree up to 5 m high	Terai - 1300 m	Varied and dry	Root suckers	Use root suckers	-	-
Kettuke		Agave americana		Large cactus; sub-species with and without thorns	Terai 2400 m	Hot and dry	Root suckers	Use cuttings	-	-	Grows well on south- facing slopes; shallow rooting
Keraukose		Indigofera atroturpurea		Tree up to 8 m high	Terai-2000 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Nov-Jan	94,000	12
Khirro		Sepium insegne		Small tree	800 - 1500 m	Varied and dry	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-
Kimbu		Morus alba		Small tree	Terai-2000 m	Varied and dry	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-	High grazing risk
Kunyelo		Trema orientalis		Small tree, up to 6 m high	Terai - 1500 m	Stony and dry	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-	Best on dry sites in higher rainfall areas
Lalupate		Poinsettia pulcherrima		Shrub up to 5 m high	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-
Mesquite		Prosopis juliflora		Small thorny tree (exotic)	Terai - 1000 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	May-Jun	-	-	Tolerates calcareous soils
Namdi phul		Colquhounia coccinea		Shrub up to 3 m high	1000-2000 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Nil kanda		Duranta repens		Thorny shrub	Terai - 1500 m	Varied and dry	Hardwood cuttings/seeds	Use cuttings	-	-
Pate siuli		Opuntia ficus indica		Large thorny cactus, up to 4 m high	Terai - 1800 m	Varied and dry	Stem cuttings	?	-	-
Rahar		Cajanus cajan		Shrub up to 4 m high (exotic)	Terai - 1500 m	Varied and dry	Seeds	?	-	-	Fast-growing legume; high risk of grazing
Rato chulsi		Osbeckia stellata		Shrub	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	?	?	-	-
Saruwa/bihaya		Ipomoea fistulosa		Recumbent shrub	Terai - 1500 m	Varied; sunny sites; stands waterlogging	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings			Fill slopes only
Sajiwan (kadam in the Terai)		Jatropha curcas		Shrub up to 4 m high	Terai - 1000 m	Varied	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Simali		Vitex negundo		Small tree, up to 6 m high	Terai - 1750 m	Hot and dry; varied	Hardwood cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-	Very versatile; pollards well
Sisal		Agava sisalana		Cactus	Terai - 1000 m	Hot and dry; varied	Root cuttings (?)	Use cuttings	-	-
Siuli/sihundi		Euphorbia royleana		Shrub	900 - 1800 m	Varied	?	?	-	-
Tara phul/kochu		Helianthus tuberosus		Spreading herb	800 - 1500 m	Varied	Root cuttings	Use cuttings	-	-
Thakal		Phoenix humilis		Small stature palm tree	Terai - 1000 m	Hot and dry; needs shade	Direct seeding on site	Feb	About 1,000	6	Often slow growing; not a pioneer
Tilka		Wendlandia puberula		Tree up to 10 m high	Terai - 1500 m	Hot and dry; harsh	Seeds/polypots	Feb-Mar	About 1,000,000	12	Pollards well
Udalo		Hypericum cordifolium		Shrub up to 1.5 m high	1200 - 2500 m	Varied; dry to moist	Seeds/polypots	May-Jun	-	-

Rec: = particularly recommended for roadside areas.

B3: FULL LISTS OF SPECIES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

LARGE CLUMPING BAMBOOS FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

Local name		Botanical name	Character	Altitude	Sites	Best propagation	Comments
Choya/tama bans		Dendrocalamus hamiltonii	Thin culm, heavy branching	300-2000 m	Moist	Culm cuttings
Dhanu bans		Bambusa balcooa	Thick culm, heavy branching	Terai - 1600 m	Varied	Culm cuttings
Kalo bans		Dendrocalamus hookeri	Heavy branching, brown hairs	1200 - 2500 m	Varied	Culm cuttings
Mal bans		Bambusa nutans	Strong, straight culms	Terai - 1500 m	Dry/varied	Traditional method	Subspecies cupulata
Nibha/ghopi/lyas bans		Ampelocalamus patellaris	Smaller, bluish culms	1200 - 2000 m	Varied	Traditional method
Tharu bans		Bambusa nutans	Strong, straight culms	Terai - 1500 m	Varied	Traditional method	Subspecies nutans

Rec: = particularly recommended for roadside areas.

B4: FULL LISTS OF SPECIES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

LARGE TREES FOR BIO-ENGINEERING IN THE ROAD SECTOR

Local name

Botanical name

Rec

Character

Altitude

Sites

Light

Coppicing

Best propagation

Seed collection time

Seeds/kg

Viability (months)

Comments

Acacia

Acacia auriculiformis

Small non-thorny tree (exotic)

Terai - 1000 m

Hot and dry; harsh

Full light

Pollards well

Seeds/polypots

Mar-Apr

40,000

12

Best of all introduced acacias

Amp/aap

Mangifera indica

Medium-sized fruit tree

Terai - 1200 m

Hot and dry but not stony

Full light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

May-Jul

-

Sow immediately

Ashare phul

Lagerstroemia parviflora

Medium to large tree

Terai - 1200 m

Varied to dry

?

?

Seeds/polypots

Jan-Feb

30,000

36

Babul/kikar

Acacia nilotica

Medium-sized thorny tree (exotic)

Terai - 1000 m

Hot and dry; harsh

Full light

Coppices poorly

Seeds/polypots

Dec-Feb (?)

9,000

12

Very successful in drier parts of India

Badahar

Artocarpus lakoocha

Medium to large deciduous tree

Terai - 1300 m

Varied and moist

Bears shade

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Jul

2,000

Sow immediately

Difficult to establish

Bakaino

Melia azedarach

Medium to large deciduous tree

Terai - 1800 m

Hot and dry; harsh

Demands light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Nov-Mar

1,200

12

Needs deep soil for really fast growth

Bange kath

Populus ciliata

Large deciduous tree

2000 - 3000 m

Dry to moist

Full light

Pollards well

Hardwood cuttings

Use cuttings

-

-

Grows down to 1200 m in the Far West

Banghi

Anogeissus latifolia

Large deciduous tree, drooping branches

Terai - 1700 m

Hot and dry

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Dec-Mar

100,000

15

Birendra phul

Jacaranda mimosifolia

Medium-sized exotic, deciduous ornamental

Terai - 1600 m

Varied to dry

Light

Does not coppice

Seeds/polypots

Feb-Mar

50,000

24

Champ

Michelia champaca

Large evergreen tree

500 - 1500 m

Varied to moist

Light or shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Aug-Nov

14,000

1

Chilaune

Schima wallichii

Large evergreen tree

900 - 2000 m

Varied; dry to moist

Bears shade

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Jan-Apr

160,000

6

Can colonise existing plantations

Chiuri

Aesandra butyracea

Large tree

Terai - 1700 m

Varied and poor

Demands light

Withstands lopping

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Aug

450

Sow immediately

Slow initial growth on poor, stony soils

Chuletro

Brassaiopsis hainla

Small prickly evergreen tree

800 - 2000 m

Varied

?

Can be lopped

Seed/hardwood cuttings up to 2 m

May-Jun

25,000

Sow immediately

Dabdabe

Garuga pinnata

Large deciduous tree

Terai - 1300 m

Varied and dry

Full light

Coppices well

Seed/hardwood cuttings up to 2 m

Jun-Sep

4,000

12

Crows in most sites suitable for sal

Dar/githi

Boehmeria rugulosa

Small to medium tree

300 - 1700 m

Varied

Light or shade

Stands heavy lopping

Seeds/hardwood cuttings

Oct-Jan

2,000

3

Natural coloniser, often found with utis

Deshi katus

Castanea sativa

Large tree (exotic)

1000 - 2000 m

Varied

Light or shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

250

Recalcitrant

Dhale katus

Castanopsis indica

Large tree

900 - 2900 m

Varied

Light or shade

Coppices

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

1,300

Recalcitrant

Grows best in higher rainfall areas

Dhupi salla

Cryptomeria japonica

Large evergreen tree (exotic)

1200 - 2500 m

Varied but not hot or dry

Bears shade

?

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

250,000

24

Dudhilo

Ficus neriifolia

Small deciduous fodder tree

900 - 2200 m

Varied and dry

Bears shade

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Aug

1,600,000

12

High grazing risk

Gobre salla

Pinus wallichiana

Large coniferous tree

1800 - 3000 m

Dry; varied

Full light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

22,500

12

Not moist sites; use exceptionally, with care (see Annex B5)

Gliricidia

Gliricidia sepium

Small leguminous tree (exotic)

Terai - 500 m

Hot, not too dry; free draining

Full light

Coppices and pollards well

Seeds/hardwood cuttings up to 2 m

?

8,500

12

Has not performed well in Nepal so far

Gogan

Saurauia nepaulensis

Medium-sized fodder tree

750 - 2100 m

Varied

Bears shade

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Mar-Apr

4,000,000

12

Golainchi/ goila

Plumeria acuminata

Ornamental tree

500 - 1500 m

Varied and dry

Bears shade

?

Seeds/polypots

?

-

-

Gulmohar

Delonix regia

Medium-sized ornamental tree

Terai - 1000 m

Varied and dry

Full light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Mar-May

-

-

Ipil ipil

Leucaena species

Several species of small fodder trees

Terai - 1500 m

Varied and dry

Full light

Coppices and pollards well

Seeds/polypots

Nov-Jan

20,000

> 60

Pest problems (Use with care: see Annex B5)

Jamun

Syzygium cumini

Medium-sized evergreen tree

Terai - 1600 m

Moist

Bears shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Jul

1,000

2

Kadam

Anthocephalus chinensis

Large deciduous tree; horizontal branches

Terai - 1000 m

Varied and moist

Bears shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Jan

900,000

12

High grazing risk

Kagati

Citrus aurantifolia

Small fruit tree

500 - 1500 m

Varied

?

?

Hardwood cuttings

Sep-Nov

-

-

Kaju

Anacardium occidentale

Small nut tree

Terai - 1600 m

Varied and poor

?

?

Grows in steep, rocky sites

?

-

-

Kalki phul/ bottlebrush

Callistemon citrinus

Small ornamental tree (exotic)

Terai - 1800 m

Varied; tolerates swampy sites

Full light

Can be lopped

Seeds/hardwood cuttings

Oct-Feb

850,000

-

Common ornamental

Kalo siris

Albizia lebbeck

Medium-sized deciduous tree

Terai - 1200 m

Hot and dry; harsh

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Nov-Jan

5,000

> 60

High grazing risk

Kangiyo

Grevillea robusta

Large exotic, straight-stemmed ornamental

Terai - 1600 m

Varied; avoid windy sites

Full light

Can be pollarded

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Sep

100,000

12

Kapur

Cinnamomum camphora

Evergreen tree (exotic)

Terai - 2000 m

Prefers moist sites

?

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Sep-Nov

3,500

3

Kavro

Ficus lacor

Small, nearly evergreen fodder tree

Terai - 1600 m

Varied

Full light

Can be lopped

Hardwood cuttings up to 2 m

Mar-May

-

-

High grazing risk

Khanyu (khosro)

Ficus semicordata

Small stature, heavy branching

Terai - 2000 m

Hot and dry; varied

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Jul-Oct

1,500,000

6

Khari

Celtis australis

Medium-sized deciduous tree

700 - 2400 m

Varied

Bears shade

Coppices and pollards well

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Dec

4,500

12

Khasru

Quercus semecarpifolia

Large forest tree

1700 - 3800 m

Varied

Full light

Coppices and pollards well

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Aug

150

Sow immediately

Khayer

Acacia catechu

Large, thorny tree

Terai - 1000 m

Hot and dry; harsh

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Jan-Feb

30,000

24

Koiralo

Bauhinia variegata

Medium-sized fodder tree

Terai - 1900 m

Varied and dry

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Mar-May

2,500

12

Kutmero

Litsea monopetala

Medium-sized evergreen fodder tree

Terai - 1600 m

Varied to stony and dry

Light or shade

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Aug

5,300

Sow immediately

Lahare pipal

Populus x euramerica

Large deciduous varieties (exotics)

Terai - 1700 m

Moist

Full light

Coppices and pollards well

Hardwood cuttings

Use cuttings

-

-

Lankuri

Fraxinus floribunda

Large deciduous tree

1200 - 2700 m

Varied; best in moist sites

Prefers light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Sep-Jan

60,000

Sow immediately

Lapsi

Choerospondias axillaris

Medium to large deciduous tree

950 - 1900 m

Varied and dry

Strong light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Jan

300

12

Makadamia

Macadamia tetraphylla

Exotic nut tree

Terai - 1600 m

Hot and dry; harsh

?

?

Seeds/polypots

?

-

-

Mashala

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Large tree with a thin crown

Terai - 1800 m

Hot and dry; harsh

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Jul-Sep

770,000

24

Stifles nearby plants. (Use with care: see Annex B5)

Mayal/mel

Pyrus pashia

Small tree, often spiny

1500 - 2500 m

Varied

?

?

Seeds/hardwood cuttings

Nov-Jan

70,000

Sow immediately

Spreading superficial roots; root suckers

Musure katus

Castanopsis tribuloides

Large deciduous tree

500 - 2300 m

Varied and dry

Lighter shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

400

Recalcitrant

Most widespread of all katus species

Nebharo

Ficus auriculata

Medium-sized fodder tree

Terai - 2000 m

Varied and dry

Full light

Coppices and pollards well

Seeds/hardwood cuttings

Mar-May

3,000,000

12

High grazing risk

Neem

Azadirachta indica

Large evergreen tree

Terai - 900 m

Hot and dry

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Jul

3,000

0.5

Okhar

Juglans regia

Medium-sized nut tree

1200 - 2800 m

Varied and moist

Full light

Coppices well

Seeds/grafting

Sep-Dec

35

Recalcitrant

Painyu

Prunus cerasoides

Medium-sized flowering tree

500 - 2400 m

Varied and dry; stony

Bears shade

Coppices

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

2,500

9

Patle katus

Castanopsis hystrix

Large evergreen tree

1000 - 2500 m

Varied

Bears shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Nov

600

Recalcitrant

Phalant

Quercus lamellosa

Large forest tree

1600 - 2800 m

Moist sites preferred

Bears shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Dec

25

6

Best in areas of higher rainfall

Phaledo

Erythrina species

Three fodder species

900 - 3000 m

Varied

Light

Can be lopped

Seeds/hardwood cuttings up to 2 m

Nov-Mar

2,000

60

Long cuttings are very successful

Rajbriksha/ amaltas

Cassia fistula

Medium-sized ornamental tree

Terai - 1400 m

Varied and dry

Light or shade

?

Seeds/polypots

?

6,300

> 60

Popular ornamental

Rani (khote) salla

Pinus roxburghii

Large coniferous tree

500 - 1950 m

Hot and dry; varied

Full light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Jan-Mar

8,000

12

Not on moist sites; use exceptionally, with care (see Annex B5)

Rato siris

Albizia julibrissin

Medium-sized deciduous tree

800 - 3000 m

Varied and moist

Light or shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Sep-Feb

24,000

> 60

Fast growing in damp sites

Ritha

Sapindus mukorossi

Large tree

700 - 2000 m

Varied

?

?

Seeds/polypots

Sep-Feb

600

12

Sahinjan/ shobhanjan

Moringa oleifera

Small ornamental tree

Terai - 1000 m

Hot and dry; varied

Light or shade

Coppices and pollards well

Hardwood cuttings up to 2 m

Mar-Jun

3,000

1

Sal

Shorea robusta

Large forest tree

Terai - 1000 m

Varied; dry to moist

Light or shade

Coppices well

Seeds/polypots

Jun-Jul

450

Sow immediately

Saur

Betula alnoides

Small tree

1200 - 3000 m

Varied to moist

Full light

?

Seeds/polypots

Oct-Feb

5,000,000

12

Natural coloniser

Seto siris

Albizia procera

Medium-sized deciduous tree

Terai - 1350 m

Moist

Full light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Dec-Jun

18,000

> 60

Sensitive to grass competition

Sisau

Dalbergia sissoo

Large broad- leaved tree

Terai - 1400 m

Varied

Full light

Coppices and pollards well

Seeds/polypots/ stump cuttings

Feb-May

33,000

12

Needs reasonably good soil

Suntala

Citrus chyracarpa

Small fruit tree

500 - 1500 m

Varied

Full light

?

Hardwood cuttings

Dec-Jan

-

-

Tanki

Bauhinia purpurea

Medium-sized deciduous fodder tree

Terai - 1600 m

Varied and dry

Needs light

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Nov-Apr

4,000

12

High grazing risk

Tendu

Diospyros malabarica

Medium-sized evergreen tree

Terai - 1500 m

Moist sites and good soils

Bears shade

Can be lopped

Seeds/polypots

Apr-Jun

800

2

High grazing risk

Tooni

Toona ciliata

Large deciduous tree

Terai - 1700 m

Moist sites and good soils

Light or shade

?

Seeds/polypots

May-Jun

125,000

3

Utis

Alnus nepalensis

Large broad- leaved tree

900 - 2700 m

Varied and moist

Full light

Probably does not coppice

Seeds/polypots

Nov-Mar

500,000

18

Alnus nitida in the far west

Rec: = particularly recommended for roadside areas.

B5: PLANTS THAT ARE DIFFICULT OR POTENTIALLY DAMAGING

THESE PLANTS SHOULD NEVER BE USED FOR BIO ENGINEERING

LOCAL NAME	BOTANICAL NAME	REASON FOR NOT USING AS A BIO-ENGINEERING SPECIES
Ban mara	Eupatorium adenophorum	Very shallow rooting; stifles other plants; has become a damaging weed
Tite pate	Artemisia vulgaris	Very shallow rooting; stifles other plants; has become a damaging weed
Annual grasses	Various	Too short lived
Cassia (exotic)	Cassia siamea	Suffers from grass competition; creates heavy shade when canopy closes; competes heavily with other species
Patula salla	Pinus patula	Frequently suffers from either drought or nutritional problems in Nepal hill plantations
Sagawan (teak)	Tectona grandis	This tree tends to suppress all undergrowth and is known to give rise to conditions allowing extensive erosion below its canopy

THESE PLANTS SHOULD BE USED WITH CARE

LOCAL NAME	BOTANICAL NAME	REASON FOR CAUTION	BEST WAY TO USE
Gobre salla	Pinus wallichiana	Tends to stifle nearby plants and, in particular, prevents the development	Plant as a 50% mix with other species. Once the trees are established,
gradually		of a good ground cover. However, it is a good pioneer species and in a mixture can show excellent results	eliminate the pines in subsequent thinning, leaving only other species
Ipil Ipil	Leucaena leucocephala	Growth has been severely hampered by attacks of the insect psyllid throughout Nepal	Use only if you can see ipil ipil growing well nearby. Plant in a mixture with other species, with never more than 50% of ipil ipil
Mashala gradually	Eucalyptus camaldulensis	Tends to stifle nearby plants and in particular, prevents the development	Plant as a 50% mix with other species. Once the trees are established,
		of a good ground cover. However, it grows well on dry sites and in a mixture can show excellent results	eliminate the eucalypts in subsequent thinning, leaving only other species
Rani (khote) salla	Pinus roxburghii	Tends to stifle nearby plants and in particular, prevents the development	Plant as a 50% mix with other species. Once the trees are established,
gradually		of a good ground cover. However, it is a good pioneer species and in a mixture can show excellent results	eliminate the pines in subsequent thinning, leaving only other species