Appendices

Appendix 1: List of abbreviations
Appendix 2: Location and types of institutions visited during the study
Appendix 3: Ministries and NGO's semi-structured interview schedule
Appendix 4: VTC semi-structured interview-observation schedule
Appendix 5: IS activities semi-structured interview-observation schedule
Appendix 6: Primary school pupils questionnaire
Appendix 7: Street youth questionnaire

Appendix 1: List of abbreviations

ATE	Association of Tanzanian Employers
ATET	Association of Tanzanian Employers and Trade Unions
BEST	Basic Educational Statistics for Tanzania
BIS	Basic Industrial Strategy
CAPU	Crafts and Artisans Promotion Unit
CCM	Chama cha Mapinduzi
CCT	Christian Council of Tanzania
CDTF	Community Development Trust Fund
CIDA	Canadian International Development Agency
CISP	Centre for Informal Sector Promotion
CUSO	Canadian Universities Students Organisation
CYP	Commonwealth Youth Programme
CSN	Country Strategy Note
DANIDA	The Danish International Development Agency
DASICO	Dar es Salaam Small Industries Co-operative
DED	District Executive Director
DEO	District Education Officer
DES	Department for Education and Science
DO	District Officer
DSM	Dar es Salaam
DTC	District Training Centres
EBP	Education Business Partnership
EDF	Entrepreneur Development Fund
EO	Education Officer
ERP	Economic Recovery Programme
ESAP	Economic and Social Action Programme
ESR	Education for Self-Reliance
ESRP	Economic and Social Recovery Programme
FDC	Folk Development College
FINNIDA	Finnish International Development Agency
FYDP	Five Year Development Plan
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GTZ	German Agency for Technical Co-operation
HE	Higher Education
HRDA	Human Resources Development Act
IBRD	International Bank for reconstruction and Development
IDA	International Development Association
ICCO	Inter-Church Co-ordination Committee for Development Projects
ICD	Institute of Curriculum Development
ILO	International Labour Organisation
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IPI	Institute of Production and Innovation
IS	Informal Sector
ITTU	Intermediate Technology Transfer Unit
JASPA	Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa
LEA	Local Education Authority
MCDWC	Ministry of Community Development Women and Children
MEC	Ministry of Education and Culture
MISPA	Micro-enterprise and Informal Sector Agency
MLYD	Ministry of Labour and Youth Development
MSC	Manpower Services Commission
MSTHE	Ministry of Science Technology and Higher Education
MVTTC	Morogoro Vocational Teachers Training College
NACISP	National Council for Micro-Enterprise and Informal Sector Promotion
NESP	National Economic Survival Plan
NGO	Non-Governmental Organisation
NPF	National Provident Fund
NAVETA	National Vocational Education Training Authority
NATTAC	National Technical Training Advisory and Co-ordinating Council
NORAD	Norwegian Agency for International Development
NSIC	National Self-Industries Corporation
NVTC	National Vocational Training Centre
NVTD	National Vocational Training Division
NVTP	National Vocational Training Programme
NYC	National Youth Council
ODA	Overseas Development Administration
OIC	Opportunities Industrialisation Centre
PEP	Primary Education Programme
PPF	Parastatal Pension Fund
PPTC	Post Primary Technical Centre
PSL	Primary School Leaver
PSLC	Primary School Leaving Certificate
RDD	Regional Development Director
REO	Regional Education Office
RTC	Regional Training Centre
RYDO	Regional Youth Development Officer
RYTE	Rural Youth Training and Employment Project
SAP	Structural Adjustment Programme
SIDA	Swedish International Development Authority
SIDO	Small Scale Industries Development Organisation
SNV	Netherlands Development Organisation
Std VII	Standard seven
SSP	Secondary Science Project
STS	Science Technology and Society
SVS	Swedish Voluntary Service
TACOSODE	Tanzania Council of Social Development
TADREG	Tanzania Development Research Group
TANGO	Tanzanian Association of Non-Governmental Organisations
TAPA	Tanzanian Parents Association
TFSR	Tools For Self Reliance
TIE	Tanzania Institute of Education
T/sh	Tanzanian Shilling
TVEI	Technical Vocational Educational Initiative
TYDEF	Tanzanian Youth Development Fund
UDSM	University of Dar es Salaam
UK	United Kingdom
UMAGE	Union of Motor Vehicle Mechanics
UN	United Nations
UNCDF	United Nations Capital Development Fund
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNEVOC	International Project on Technical and Vocational Education
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UNICEF	United Nations International Children's Educational Fund
UNIDO	United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
UNIFEM	United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNV	United Nations Volunteers
UPE	Universal Primary Education
USAID	United States Agency for International Development
USP	Unified Science Project
URT	United Republic of Tanzania
VET	Vocational Education Training
VETA	Vocational Education Training Authority
VETC	Vocational Education and Training Centres
VIJANA	Tanzanian Youth Organisation
VIMEGRO	Vijana Metal Group
YMCA	Young Mens Christian Association
VSO	Voluntary Service Overseas
VTC	Vocational Training Centre
ZSCP	Zanzibar Science Camp Project

Appendix 2: Location and types of institutions visited during the study

The United Republic of Tanzania

The United Republic of Tanzania has is a relatively large country encompassing 945,090 sq.km. The country is divided in to twenty-one regions which covers both the mainland and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba.

The first phase of the study focused on identifying those organisations, governmental and nongovernmental who were involved in providing or supporting youth training and employment. This was carried out in Dar es Salaam where the Headquarters of the Ministries and international donor agencies are situated. The second phase of the study focused on the training of youth and youth employment and involved visiting training centres and workplaces that were situated in both rural and urban areas in fifteen of the twenty-one regions.

The following government offices/ministries and non-governmental organisations who participated in the initial phase of the study.

Governmental Offices/Ministries:

Prime Minister and First Vice President:	Registrar of TANGO
Home Affairs:	Registrar of TANGO
Community Development, Women and Children:	Training Division
Education and Culture:	Directorate of Primary Education
Labour and Youth Development:	Training Division (NVTD)
	Directorate of Youth
	Department of Labour
District Offices:	Ilala Kinondoni Temeke
Tanzania Bureau of Statistics:

Non-Governmental Organisations: Tanzanian National Organisations:

Christian Council of Tanzania (CCT)
Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO)
Tanzania Council of Social Development (TACOSODE)
Tanzania Youth Development and Employment Foundation (TYDEF)
Youth Entrepreneurs Development Fund (EDF)
Dar es Salaam Small Industry Development Corporation (DASICO)
Union of Motor Vehicle Mechanics (UMAGE)

International Organisations:

United Nations:	ILO	International Labour Organisation
	UNDP	Development Programme
	UNESCO	Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
International Donors:	CIDA	Canadian International Development Agency
	DANIDA	Danish International Development Agency
	GTZ	German Technical Co-operation
	SIDA	Swedish International Development Agency
	SNV	Netherlands Development Agency
	USAID	United States of America Aid

The following is a list of the training institutions visited during the second phase of the study.

Arusha:	VTC	Arusha
	PPTSs	Kaloleni
		Singisi
	Church	Burka Technical Vocational Training (*)
		Leguruki Vocational Technical School
	Nguvu kazi	Vijana Metal Group (VIMEGRO)
		Unga-Ltd (CCM)
Coast:	FDCs	(2) Kisarawe Kibaha
DSM:	VTC	Chang'ombe
	Nguvu kazi	Gerezani (2) (DASICO) (UMAGE)
		Temeke (MAE)
	Private	Oasis Autoworks
Dodoma:	VTC	Dodoma NVT and Service Centre
	PPTSs	(2) Mazengo Mtegeta
	Church	Don Bosco Youth Training Centre
		Mpwapwa Diocese Training School
	Nguvu kazi	Kisokwe (Co-operative)
Iringa:	VTC	Iringa
	Church	Don Bosco Youth Training Centre
		Tosamaganga Mission Training School (*)
	Nguvu kazi	Mlandege (3 Co-operatives)
Kilimanjaro:	VTC	Moshi
	FDC	Same
	PPTSs	(4) Marigeni Suji Embua Ntenga
	Church	Same-Chanjale
	Nguvu kazi	Moshi
	Private	Madawi Vocational Training Centre
		Vijana Engineering Association
		Usangi Vocational Training Centre
Mara:	VTC	Mara
Mbeya:	PPTSs	(2) Chimala Halengo
	Private	Jakaranda Vocational Training College
Morogoro:	VTC	Kihonda
	VTTC	Morogoro
	FDC	Bingwa
	PPTS	Msamvu
	Private	Kilosa District Vocational Training Centre
Mwanza:	VTC	Mwanza
Ruvuma:	VTC	Songea Church Peramiho
Singida:	VTC	Singida
	Church	2 (Manyoni) (Ilongero)
Tabora:	VTC	Ulyanklu
Tanga:	VTC	Tanga
	Private	Tanzania Institute of Commerce and Industries
Zanzibar:	VTC	(*)
		(*) visited but not currently providing training

Appendix 3: Ministries and NGO's semi-structured interview schedule

1) What are the factors which influence policy decisions at national, regional and local levels?

2) Are statistics available to ascertain training trends (focusing on the youth 15-30)?

· Is information available on current, past, projected levels of training provision?

· What trades or occupations do you train people for?

· Is information available on current, past, projected levels of funding for training?

3) Does legislation exist to regulate and monitor the quality of provision, e.g. accountability?

· If so, what form does it take?

4) How do you identify training needs? (what are the mechanisms used?)

· How training needs are defined in terms of skilled, semi-skilled or labouring?

5) Do you operate an equal opportunities programme in terms of gender?

· If No for what reason(s)?

· What selection criteria do you employ?

6) Training programmes

· What is the duration of your training programmes?

· How are 'skills' and or competencies identified?

· How are 'skills' and or competencies examined?

· Do the trainees receive formal certification on completion of training?

· If trainees receive a certificate, what value do employers place on this?

· What mechanisms are in place to assist successful trainees to gain employment?

· What proportion of trainees gain employment in the field of work for which they have been trained?

· What proportion of trainees (by gender) do not complete the programmes and for what reasons?

Appendix 4: VTC semi-structured interview-observation schedule

1) How is the organisation financed?

· Sources? government ministries * overseas donors * others

· Self-reliance initiatives, what are they?

· Are they in operation or just planned?

2) Is the institution monitored and assessed?

· By which agencies?

· How frequently?

3) How is the centre managed and organised?

· Management structure?

· Trainer - trainee roles and relationships?

· Gender policy?

· Boarding - day

· The number of trainers? gender mix; male female

· Qualifications? male; degree * diploma * certificate * VTC * Others * None
female; degree * diploma * certificate * VTC * Others * None

· What are the factors which govern trainee enrolment? catchment * gender ratio * tutorial fees * religious belief * selection tests * school reports * other

4) In terms of popularity of trades, is there evidence of a hierarchy among prospective trainees?

· Are there any discernible gender differences?

5) What links has the institution established?

· With training agents and donors?

· With the community; village, district or local enterprises?

· With prospective employers (both formal and informal)?

6) What are the mechanisms employed in establishing a trainee's placement?

· Are prospective employers vetted?

· If YES what criteria are used to determine the quality of the placement?

7) Do trainees undertaking work placement receive visits from the institution?

· If YES how frequent?

· If NO why?

· Do institutions consider that this activity would be worthwhile?

8) The curriculum: the types of courses operated?

· What courses do the institutions run?

· How were these courses identified - justified?

· Who validates the courses?

· What are the duration of the programmes of study?

· What are the aims and objectives of the training programmes?

9) What criteria are employed to monitor and assess trainee performance?

· What use is made of trainee assessment information?

· Is information passed on to employers?

10) Do trainees receive careers guidance and counselling?

· Who is responsible for providing?

· What training -qualifications have counsellors received?

· When do trainees receive counselling?

11) What proportion of the trainees fail to complete their course?

· By gender? male female

· Reasons? male female

12) Pedagogy: Observing practical teaching/instruction: classroom/laboratory workshop

· schemes of work * lesson plans * quality of resources * use of resource materials * methods of instruction * trainer-trainee interaction

13) Audit of plant and Equipment:

· Fabric of the buildings * general condition of the premises * condition of plant * health and safety

Appendix 5: IS activities semi-structured interview-observation schedule

1) Type of enterprise:

· What does the enterprise produce?

· How long has it been established?

· Why did you begin the enterprise?

· How did you start?

2) What assistance have you received from:

· The Municipal Council?

· Agengies such as ILO/Ministry of Labour and Youth/SIDO etc?

· Any other sources (e.g. CCM, NGO's)?

3) How many employees do you have?

· How were they selected?

4) Markets:

· Why did you decide to start making.......... (market identification)?

· Are there any other similar enterprises in the area?

5) Owners background:

· What formal education have you received?

· How/where did you learn to..........?

· How long was the training?

· What was the method(s) of instruction?

· What formal training have you received (e.g. trade tests etc)?

6) Training:

· Do you train apprentices?

· How do you train them?

· How long is the training period?

· What do you think are the most important skills they need to know?

· Do you encourage them to study for formal trade tests?

· What other training do you provide?

7) Do you think that primary school education prepares young people for employment?

· What aspects of primary education do you think help young people gain employment?

· What aspects of primary education do you think inhibit young people gaming employment?

· How do you think primary education could/should be improved?

8) Trading practices:

· Do you have a short term business plan?

· Do you have a long term business plan?

· How do you identify future markets?

· How do you think you can survive and grow in the current economic climate?

9) Are you subject to any regulations?

· Formal/national?

· Local, imposed by the town/village?

10) How do you sell your products:

· To a middle (third) person?

· Take them to market and sell them?

· Only make to order?

· How do you fix the price of your products?

11) What is the process by which you and the customer agree on what is to be produced?

12) By what criteria do you judge the quality of your products?

13)To expand your business what new or additional skills or knowledge do you think?

· You would require?

· Your employees would require?

Appendix 6: Primary school pupils questionnaire

Please would you assist us in completing this important questionnaire. Unless requested to write an answer, please circle what you consider to be the most appropriate answer. Thank you.

Age:
Gender:
Location:

1) What class are you in?
Standard
1*2*3*4*5*6*7

2) Do you think that going to school helps you get a job?

YES - NO

· If YES why do you think it helps?

· If NO why do you think it will not help you? (not in terms of general subjects but more in terms of specific knowledge and skills, e.g. how to, or that...)

3) Which subjects do you enjoy most at school?

1)
2)
3)
4)

· Why did you chosen these subjects?

4) Which subjects do you think will help you get a job? (state the type of job)

1)
2)
3)
4)

· Why did you chosen these subjects?

5) What would you like to do when you leave standard seven? (In addition to identifying the type of activity respondents are requested to quantify their answers, e.g. what job, type of school, apprenticeship etc.)

get a job * go to secondary school * get an apprenticeship * start my own business * don't know * other (please specify)

· Why do you want to do that?

6) What will you probably do when you leave standard seven? (In addition to identifying the type of activity respondents are requested to quantify their answers, e.g. what job, type of school, apprenticeship etc.)

get a job * go to secondary school * get an apprenticeship * start your own business * don't know * other

· If there is a difference between your answers to questions 5 & 6, why do you think you will not be able to do what you would like to do?

7) How well do you think that your primary school education prepares you for work when you leave school?

Not at all * a little * some * a lot * very well

· Please give your reasons why.

8) How would you like to see primary school education improved?

9) Do you have paid work?

YES - NO

· If YES why do you work?

· What type of job(s) have you or do you do?

· How did you learn to do the job(s)? watching others * trial and error * from Parents * other relations * other (please give details)

10) Whom do you currently work for?

Father * Uncle * other relation(s) * employer * no-one in particular * yourself

· How many days a week? 1*2*3*4*5*5*7

· How many hours a day do you work <1*1-2*2-3*3-4*5-6*>6

· How are you paid?

by the job * by the number of things you make * by the hour * by the day * other (please give details)

· How much do you earn on average in a week?

· What things do you spend the money on? (Please estimate the amounts on each item noted)

Appendix 7: Street youth questionnaire

Please would you assist us in completing this important questionnaire. Unless requested to write an answer, please circle what you consider to be the most appropriate answer. Thank you.

Age:
Gender:
Location:

1) Where were you born?

· If this is different to where you live now how long have you lived at the new address (in years)

<1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9>

· Why did you move from your place of birth?

Parents moved * relatives moved * to seek a job * expelled from home * other (please specify)

· Who do you live with now?

your parents * other relatives * friends * employer * alone

2) What class did you complete before leaving school?

Standard 1*2*3*4*5*6*7

Form 1*2*3*4*5*6

· If you dropped-out below std VII, why did you give leave school?

3) Which subjects did you enjoy most at school?

1)
2)
3)
4)

· Why did you choose these subjects?

4) Which subjects do you think were most helpful in getting a job? (please state the type of job)

1)
2)
3)
4)

5) Do you think that going to school helped you get a job?

YES - NO

· If YES why do you think it helped?

· If NO why do you think it did not help you? (not as school subjects but more about the knowledge and skills you think you needed, e.g. "how to").

6) When you attended school what did you want to do when you left school? (In addition to identifying the type of activity respondents are requested to quantify their answers, e.g. what type of job, or apprenticeship etc.)

get a job * go to secondary school * get an apprenticeship * start your own business

· Why did you want to do that?

7) Did you work for money before leaving school?

YES - NO

· If YES what type of job(s) did you do? (list and describe not only the type of job but also your reason(s) for leaving/changing jobs)

8) Who do you currently work for?

Father * Uncle * other relation(s) * employer * no-one in particular * yourself

· How many days a week?

1*3*3*4*5*5*7

· How many hours a day do you work

<1*1-2*2-3*3-4*5-6*>6

· How are you paid?

by the job * by the number of things you make * by the hour * by the day * other (please give details)

· How much do you earn in a week?

· What things do you spend the money on? (Please estimate the amounts on each item noted)

9) What made you do the job you do now?

· If there is a difference between your answers to questions 5 & 6, why do you think you were prevented from doing what you would have liked to do?

10) If you are self-employed

· How did you get the initial money to set up your business.

· Where or how did you learn to do your job?

· How long have you been self-employed?

<1 * 1-2*2-3*3-4*5-6*>6 (in months if>6 specify how many)

11) What do you think you need to develop your business?

· Why are these things so important?