Formulae and Tables - Wood / textbooks for vocational training (GTZ, 122 p.) 5. Steel (introduction...) 5.1. Classification of Steels 5.2. Properties of Important Steels 5.3. Applications of Important Steels 5.4. Screws and Nails

Formulae and Tables - Wood / textbooks for vocational training (GTZ, 122 p.)

5. Steel

Steels are ferrous materials which regardless of other alloying constituents have carbon contents of less than 2 %.

5.1. Classification of Steels

Classification aspect		Kinds of steels	Remarks
according to the manufacturing process		Bessemer steel Thomas steel open-hearth steel electric steel crucible cast steel	converter process like Bessemer steel open-hearth process made in the electric furnace remelting process in refractory crucibles
according to properties and application		general structural steels steels for mechanical engineering structural steels for special applications high-alloy special steels steels with special electric and magnetic properties tool steels	e.g. sectional steels e.g. screw steel e.g. wear-resistant steels e.g. corrosion-resistant steels e.g. dynamo sheet steels e.g. high-speed steels
according to the composition
	structural steel	unalloyed and alloyed steels	single-alloy steels (one alloying constituent); multiple-alloy steels (several alloying constituents)
	tool steels	unalloyed tool steels, low-alloy tool steels, medium-alloy tool steels, high-alloy tool steels
according to the form of production		sectional steel special profiles bar steel strip steel plate and sheet	e.g. U-steel, > 80 mm high e.g. rails e.g. U-steels, £ 80 mm high
		tube wire semifinished products forged pieces	e.g. plate > 4 mm thick, sheet < 4 mm thick seamless or welded various gauges and cross-sections sheet bars, billets etc. hammer and drop forgings

5.2. Properties of Important Steels

Name	Designation of the steel grade	Carbon content C in %	Tensile strength dzB in MPa	Alloying constituents in %
heat-treated steel	C 22	0.18...0.25	500...600	0.3...0.6 Mn, £ 0.045 P 0.15...0.35 Si £ 0.045 S
	C 35	0.32...0.40	600...720	0.4...0.7 Mn 0.15...0.35 Si £ 0.045 P and S each
	C 45	0.42...0.50	650...800	0.5...0.8 Mn 0.15...0.35 Si £ 0.045 P and S each
	C 60	0.57...0.65	750...900	like C 45
	30 Mn 5	0.27...0.34	800...950	1.2...1.5 Mn 0.15...0.35 Si
	37 Mn Si 5	0.33...0.41	900...1050	1.1...1.4 Mn 1.1...1.4 Si
	25 Cr Mo 4	0.22...0.29	800...950	0.5...0.8 Mn 0.9...1.2 Cr 0.15...0.35 Si 0.15...0.25 Mo £ 0.035 P and S each
	34 Cr Mo 4	0.30...0.37	900...1050	like 25 Cr Mo 4
	42 Cr Mo 4	0.38...0.45	1000...1200	like 25 Cr Mo 4
	50 Cr Mo 4	0.46...0.54	1100...1300	like 25 Cr Mo 4
	36 Cr Ni Mo 4	0.32...0.40	1000...1200	0.9...1.2 Cr and Ni each £ 0.035 P and S each
	34 Cr Ni Mo 6	0.30...0.38	1100...1300	1.4...1.7 Cr and Ni each £ 0.035 P and S each
	30 Cr Ni Mo 8	0.26...0.34	1250...1450	1.8...2.1 Cr and Ni each £ 0.035 P and S each
case-hardening steels	C 10	0.06...0.12	420...520	0.15...0.35 Si 0.25...0.5 Mn £ 0.045 P and S each
	C 15	0.12...0.18	500...650	like C 10
	15 Cr 3	0.12...0.18	600...850	0.4...0.6 Mn 0.5...0.8 Cr 0.15...0.35 Si £ 0.035 P and S each
	16 Mn Cr 5	0.14...0.19	800...1100	1.0...1.3 Mn 0.8...1.1. Cr 0.15...0.35 Si £ 0.035 P and S each
	20 Mn Cr 5	0.17...0.22	1000...1300	1.1....1.4 Mn 1.0...1.3 Cr 0.15,..0.35 Si £ 0.035 P and S each
	15 Cr Ni 6	0.12...0.17	900...1200	1.4...1.7 Cr 1.4...1.7 Ni, Mn, Si, P and S like 15 Cr 3
	18 Cr Ni 8	0.15...0.20	1200...1450	1.8...2.1 Cr 1.8...2.1 Ni, Mn, Si, P and S like 15 Cr 3

5.3. Applications of Important Steels

Steel grade	Applications
35 W Cr V 7,80 W V 2	machine blades
100 Cr 2	files
100 Cr 6	measuring instruments, saw blades for metal, cutting tools
64 Si Cr 5,85 Cr 1	saw blades for wood working
110 Mo V 5	metal saw blades
90 Cr 3	cutting tools
140 Cr 2,110 Cr 2,120 W V 4	twist drills
C 115 W 1	screws
C 100 W 1	cutters
C 130 W 2	files, flat drills, countersinks and counterbores
C 90 W 2	circular saw-blades, planing tools, cutters, cutter chain teeth, wood-carving knives
C 80 W 2	hammers, machine bits for wood
C 70 W 2	screw drivers, axes, pliers, vice jaws
C 60 W 3	wood working tools
C 85 W 6	hand saw blades, frame and circular saw blades
X 97 W Mo 3.3	twist drills
X 82 W V 9.2	high-speed wood working tools
X 86 W V 12.2	turning tools, cutters, twist drills
C 35, C 45, 25 Cr Mo 4	screws, nuts

5.4. Screws and Nails

(Material: unalloyed steel with low or medium carbon content, C = £ 0.55 %)

Name	Representation	Dimensions
raised countersunk head wood screws		d1 = 1.6...8.0 mm d2 = 3.0...14.5 mm 1 = 8.0...90.0 mm
cross recessed raised countersunk oval head screw		similar dimensions
slotted round head wood screw		d1 = 1.6...8.0 mm d2= 3.2...16.0 mm 1 = 8.0...90.0 mm
cross recessed round head wood screw slotted countersunk head wood screw		similar dimensions d1 = 1.6...8.0 mm d2 = 3.0...14.5 mm 1 = 8.0...90.0 mm
cross recessed countersunk head wood screw hexagon head cap wood screw		similar dimensions d1 = 6.0...12.0 mm d2 £ d1 1 = 30.0...120.0 mm
countersunk-head nails		d = 1.4...6.0 mm 1= 20.0...200.0 mm
flat-headed nails		d= 0.8...4.6 mm 1= 8.0...130.0 mm
button-head nails		d = 0.8...2.5 mm 1 = 8.0...30.0 mm
upset-head nails		d = 1.0...3.8 mm 1= 14.0...100.0 mm
tin tacks		d1 = 1.4...2.8 mm d2 = 4.0...10.5 mm 1 = 10.0...40.0 mm
clout nails		like tin tacks
hardened nails		d= 1.2 and 2.0 mm 1 = 16.0...50.0 mm
light wood board nails		d= 3.1.; 3.4 mm 1 = 70.0; 80.0 mm