![](ARRRGHT.GIF) | ![CLOSE THIS BOOK](OPENBOOK.GIF) | Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters - A Design, Construction and Operation Manual (SANDEC - SKAT, 1996, 180 p.) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Publishers |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Foreword |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Preface |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Executive summary |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | Part 1: General aspects of roughing filter application |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 1. Historical development and experience with water treatment |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 2. Water treatment concept |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 3. Raw water quality |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 3.1 Raw water characterisation |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 3.2 Catchment area |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 3.3 Water quality analysis |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 4. Solid matter separation |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 4.1 Sedimentation |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 4.2 Roughing filtration |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 5. Bacteriological water quality improvement |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 5.1 Slow sand filtration |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 5.2 Chlorination |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 6. Layout of a water supply scheme |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 6.1 General considerations |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 6.2 Hydraulic profile |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 6.3 Treatment steps |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 6.4 Water distribution |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 7. Roughing filtration application |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 7.1 Historic use |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 7.2 Development of roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | Part 2: Design, construction and operation of roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 8. Classification of roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 9. General aspects of roughing filter design |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 9.1 Main features |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 9.2 Basic filtration theory |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 9.3 Design variables and guidelines |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 9.4 Flow and headloss control |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 9.5 Filter drainage system |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 9.6 General design aspects |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 10. Detailed filter design |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 10.1 Intake Filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 10.2 Dynamic filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 10.3 Vertical-flow roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 10.4 Horizontal-flow roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 11. Roughing filter efficiency |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 11.1 Practical experience |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 11.2 Pilot plant tests |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 12. Selection criteria for roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 12.1 Raw water quality as selection criteria |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 12.2 Layout and operational aspects as selection criteria |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 13. Construction of roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 13.1 Filter box |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 13.2 Filter material |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 13.3 Inlet and outlet structures |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 13.4 Drainage system |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 13.5 Gravel and sand washing facilities |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 14. Operation and maintenance of roughing filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 14.1 Caretaker training |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 14.2 Treatment plant commissioning |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 14.3 Flow control |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 14.4 Water quality control |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 14.5 Filter cleaning |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 14.6 Filter maintenance |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 15. Economic aspects |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 15.1 Construction costs |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 15.2 Operating and maintenance costs |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 15.3 Overall costs of water supply schemes |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 16. Design examples |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 16.1. Treatment of an upland river |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 16.2 Treatment of a lowland stream |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 16.3 Treatment of reservoir water |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 16.4 Rehabilitation of a slow sand filter plant |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | 16.5 Standard designs for compact water treatment plants |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | 17. Final remarks |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | (introduction...) |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | References |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Abbreviations |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![](CLSDFLDR.GIF) | Annexes |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Simple methods for water quality analysis |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Simple methods for discharge measurements |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Salient data and features of slow sand filters |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Roughing filter theory |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Pilot plant design examples |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Roughing filter design examples |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Outline for caretaker training |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Monitoring of filter operation |
![](TABSPACE.GIF) | ![VIEW THE DOCUMENT](ITEXT.GIF) | Acknowledgements and credits |