Back to Home Page of CD3WD Project or Back to list of CD3WD Publications

		Surface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters - A Design, Construction and Operation Manual (SANDEC - SKAT, 1996, 180 p.)
			(introduction...)
			Publishers
			Foreword
			Preface
			Executive summary
			Part 1: General aspects of roughing filter application
				1. Historical development and experience with water treatment
				2. Water treatment concept
				3. Raw water quality
					3.1 Raw water characterisation
					3.2 Catchment area
					3.3 Water quality analysis
				4. Solid matter separation
					(introduction...)
					4.1 Sedimentation
					4.2 Roughing filtration
				5. Bacteriological water quality improvement
					(introduction...)
					5.1 Slow sand filtration
					5.2 Chlorination
				6. Layout of a water supply scheme
					6.1 General considerations
					6.2 Hydraulic profile
					6.3 Treatment steps
					6.4 Water distribution
				7. Roughing filtration application
					7.1 Historic use
					7.2 Development of roughing filters
			Part 2: Design, construction and operation of roughing filters
				8. Classification of roughing filters
				9. General aspects of roughing filter design
					9.1 Main features
					9.2 Basic filtration theory
					9.3 Design variables and guidelines
					9.4 Flow and headloss control
					9.5 Filter drainage system
					9.6 General design aspects
				10. Detailed filter design
					10.1 Intake Filters
					10.2 Dynamic filters
					10.3 Vertical-flow roughing filters
					10.4 Horizontal-flow roughing filters
				11. Roughing filter efficiency
					11.1 Practical experience
					11.2 Pilot plant tests
				12. Selection criteria for roughing filters
					(introduction...)
					12.1 Raw water quality as selection criteria
					12.2 Layout and operational aspects as selection criteria
				13. Construction of roughing filters
					(introduction...)
					13.1 Filter box
					13.2 Filter material
					13.3 Inlet and outlet structures
					13.4 Drainage system
					13.5 Gravel and sand washing facilities
				14. Operation and maintenance of roughing filters
					(introduction...)
					14.1 Caretaker training
					14.2 Treatment plant commissioning
					14.3 Flow control
					14.4 Water quality control
					14.5 Filter cleaning
					14.6 Filter maintenance
				15. Economic aspects
					(introduction...)
					15.1 Construction costs
					15.2 Operating and maintenance costs
					15.3 Overall costs of water supply schemes
				16. Design examples
					(introduction...)
					16.1. Treatment of an upland river
					16.2 Treatment of a lowland stream
					16.3 Treatment of reservoir water
					16.4 Rehabilitation of a slow sand filter plant
					16.5 Standard designs for compact water treatment plants
				17. Final remarks
					(introduction...)
					References
					Abbreviations
			Annexes
				Simple methods for water quality analysis
				Simple methods for discharge measurements
				Salient data and features of slow sand filters
				Roughing filter theory
				Pilot plant design examples
				Roughing filter design examples
				Outline for caretaker training
				Monitoring of filter operation
				Acknowledgements and credits