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		Bending - Course:Technique of working sheet metals, pipes and sections. Trainees' handbook of lessons (Institut für Berufliche Entwicklung, 33 p.)
			(introduction...)
			Preliminary Remarks
			1. Purpose of Bending
			2. Selected Tools, Appliances and Machines
			3. Processes within in the Material
			4. Fundamentals of Calculation
			5. Bending Techniques

1. Purpose of Bending

Sheet metals, pipes or sections are remodelled by various techniques in order to give angular or round forms to workpieces to be used for a certain purpose.

Figure 1 Bending

Due to its versatility, bending is applied in many manufacturing fields:

Folding:

Fabricating short sections, channels, sheet-metal containers or cases as well as frames and supporting structures made of sections.

Turning over:

Fabricating edge stiffenings of containers or cases, preparing saddle joints.

Flanging:

Fabricating sheet-metal joints and edge deformations on containers, preparing saddle joints.

Seaming:

Fabricating sheet-metal joints on containers and pipes.

Crimping:

Fabricating sheet-metal stiffenings on containers and sheet linings.

Rounding:

Fabricating arched sheet metals for containers and pipes as well as curved sections.

Rolling:

Fabricating sheet-metal stiffenings on container rims, hinge joints, cylindrical cavities with flat sections for accommodating pins and spiral springs.

What is the purpose of bending?
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Which techniques are applied to bending sheet metals?
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Folding:	Fabricating short sections, channels, sheet-metal containers or cases as well as frames and supporting structures made of sections.
Turning over:	Fabricating edge stiffenings of containers or cases, preparing saddle joints.
Flanging:	Fabricating sheet-metal joints and edge deformations on containers, preparing saddle joints.
Seaming:	Fabricating sheet-metal joints on containers and pipes.
Crimping:	Fabricating sheet-metal stiffenings on containers and sheet linings.
Rounding:	Fabricating arched sheet metals for containers and pipes as well as curved sections.
Rolling:	Fabricating sheet-metal stiffenings on container rims, hinge joints, cylindrical cavities with flat sections for accommodating pins and spiral springs.