 |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adam, C., BYS Cross-Flow Turbine, Project Design and Manual, Kathmandu 1974
Adam, C., Study for the Electrification of the Chialsa Handicraft Center, Kathmandu 1974
ADB/N, Agricultural Development Bank Nepal, Lift Irrigation Project for the Development of Bhorletar Area, Kathmandu 1978
Alward, R. et al, Micro-Hydropower, Reviewing and old Concept, DOE, Washington, D.C., 1979
Amann, H., Energy Supply and Economic Development in East Africa, Weltforum Verlag, Munich 1969
Arter, A., Diplomarbeit: Durchströmturbine, Zurich 1980
ATDO, Appropriate Technology Development Organisation, 12th six-monthly Report, Islamabad 1980
Bossard, W.E., Vorläufige Mitteilung über die ausgenutzten Wasserkräfte der Schweiz, Abteilung für Landeshydrographie, Berne 1914
Brenken, G., Versuch einer Klassifikation der Flüsse und Ströme der Erde nach wasserwirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten, Karlsruhe 1959
Breslin, W.R., Small Michell (Bank)) Turbine: A Construction Manual, VITA, Mt. Rainier
Buchanan & Somers, Discharge Measurement at Gaging Stations, 1969
Creager, W.P. & Justin, J.D., Hydro-Electric Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1927
Dillo, H.-G., Ein Beitrag zur Energieversorgung in Entwicklungsländern, in Mitteilung Nr. 51 des Franzius-Instituts, University of Hannover 1980
Dumol, P.G. & Denton, F.H., Mini-Hydro Application in the Philippines, UNIDO, Vienna 1980
ESCAP, Electric Power in Asia and the Pacific 1975 and 1976, United Nations, New York 1978
Falkenmark, M. & Lindh, G., The Global Freshwater Circulation, in AMBIO, Vol. 3. No. 3-4. 1974
French, D., The Economics of Renewable Energy Systems for Developing Countries, Washington, D.C., 1979
GATE, Statusbericht Biomasse II, Direkte und reduzierte Verbrennung, PN. 78.2247.1 -01.100, Eschborn 1980
Gautschi, C., Gloor, W., Wong, T.M., Diplomarbeit 1980: Experimentelle Untersuchung einer Durchströmturbine des Typs 8anki, HTL Brugg Windisch 1980
Gladwell, J.S., Hydrologic Studies for Hydropower Assessment, in NRECA, Small Hydroelectric Powerplants, p 22 ff.
Gladwell, J.S. & Warnick, C.C., Low-Head Hydro, Moscow, Idaho 1979
Guerrero, J.L., Turbines: Pelton Wheel Governors, VITA 002178, Mt. Rainier
Grainger, L., Energy Resources: Availability and Rational Use, A Digest of the 10th World Energy Conference, Science and Technology Press, New York 1978
Grummann, H.R., Mean Velocity of Flow of Water in open Channels, St. Louis 1928
Haimerl, L.A., The Cross-Flow Turbine, in "Water Power", january 1960
Hamerak, K., Elektrische Energie aus kleinen Wasserkräften, in "technica" Nr. 5, 1966
Hamerak, K., Die Ossbergerturbine: die geeignete Antriebsmaschine fur bedienungslose Asynchronkraftwerke, in "Energie und Technik", No. 15, May 1963
Hassanaly, M.G. & Reichel, R., Exploiting Mini-Hydropower Stations for Rural Development in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam 1979
Hiller, B., Manual Calculation of Check Dams, Kathmandu 1979
Howe, J., et al., Energy for Developing Countries, (draft), Report to the Rockefeller Foundation, 1977
How Things Work, The Universal Encyclopedia of Machines, Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim, London 1967
Integration GmbH, Statusbericht Laufwasserenergie, Kleinwasserkraftanlagen, PN. 78.2247.1 -01.100, Eschborn 1980
Jackson, B. & Evans, L., Distribution Considerations for Mini/Micro Hydro Projects, in NRECA. Small Hydroelectric Powerplants, p 214 ff.
Jagdish Lal, Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Metropolitan Book Co., New Delhi
Kadete, H. & Reichel, R., Experience with Small Hydro-electric Stations in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam 1978
Krayenbühl, L. & Ledergerber, E., SHDB -Program Evaluation, Final Report, Kathmandu/Zurich 1981
Kuntz, H., Hydro-electric Power: Rural Electrification through isolated Systems, in "gate" 1/79
Lausselet, H.R., Electrical Low Tension Installations, House and Factory Wiring, Kathmandu 1977
Litscher, J., Salleri/Chialsa Small Hydel Project, Kathmandu 1979
MacKillop, A., Hydropower, Wadebridge 1975
Mata, J., Design Criteria of Typical Civil Works for Mini-Hydropower Plant Projects, in NRECA, Small Hydroelectric Powerplants, p 145 ff.
Maucor, M., Les Microcentrales Hydrauliques, GRET, Paris 1979
Meier, U., Lausselet, H.R., Wirz, W., Salleri/Chialsa Micro-Hydel Project: Project Proposal and Report, Kathmandu 1976
Meier, U., Manual for the Design of a simple Mechanical Water-Hydraulic Governor Kathmandu 1979
Meier, U., Small Scale Water Power Development, Photo-documentation, Kathmandu 1979
Meier, U., Small Scale Water Power Development, St. Gall 1981 Mother Earth News, Cross-Flow Turbine Plans, 1980
Nakarmi, A.M., Cottage Multi-Purpose Power Unit for Rural Areas in Nepal, Kathmandu 1980
Noyes, R., (editor), Small and Micro Hydroelectric Power Plants, New Yersey 1980
NRECA, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, Small Hydroelectric Powerplants, Proceedings of Workshop in Quito, Ecuador 1980, Washington 1980
OECD, The Electricity Supply Industry, 24th to 26th Enquiries, Paris 1978
OLADE, (Latin-American Energy Organisation), Regional SHPS Program: Prospects and Requirements for the Promotion of Technological Cooperation of the Latin American Energy Sector, Quito
OLADE, Requirements and Methodology for the massive Implementation of Small Hydropower Stations in Latin America, Quito
Palmedo, P.F., et al., Energy Needs, Uses and Resources in Developing Countries, U.S. A.I.D. Springfield 1978
Peck, R.B. et al., Foundation Engineering, Wiley & Sons, London 1974
Pittet, A., Study on an Electronic Load Controller, EPFL, Lausanne 1978
Reddy, A.K.N., The Design of Rural Energy Centres, in "Rural Technology", p 109, Bangalore 1980
SATA/UMN, Report on Study Tour on Water Resources Development in China, 19.8. to 12.9.1980, Kathmandu 1981
Scheurer, H., Metzler, R. & Yoder, B., Small Water Turbine, Instruction Manual for the Construction of a Cross-Flow Turbine GATE-Modul 1/13, Eschborn 1980
Smil, V., China's Energy, New York 1976
Statistik der Wasserkraftanlagen der Schweiz, Berne 1928
Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz, 1950, Basle
Stern, P. et al., Gabions for Hydraulic Structures, in "Appropriate Technology" Vol. 7, No. 4, London 1981
SVMT/LAI, Schweizerische Vereinigung für Mittlere Technologie/Lateinamerikanisches Institut, Erfahrungen mit dem Einsatz von Sonnenkochern in Entwicklungslandern, St. Gall 1976
UNCNRSE, United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy, Conference News 1-6 in ASSET, UN-University, Tokyo 1981
UNESCO-WMO, Design of Water Resources Projects with inadequate Data, Proceedings of Madrid Symposium 1973
UNIDO, Draft Report on Seminar-Workshop on the Exchange of Experiences and Technology Transfer on Mini Hydro-Electric Generation Units at Kathmandu, Vienna 1979
UNIDO, Issue Paper for the Second Seminar-Workshop in the Development and Application of Technology for Mini-Hydro Power Generation at Hangzhou and Manila, Vienna 1980
UNIDO, Report on Second Seminar-Workshop/Study Tour in Development and Application of Technology for Mini-Hydro Power Generation at Hangzhou and Manila, Vienna 1980
United Nations, Electric Power in Asia and the Far East, ECAFE Bangkok 1957
United Nations, Proceedings of Regional Seminar on Energy Resources and Electric Power Development, ECAFE, Bangkok 1962
United Nations, Rapport du Groupe Technique de l'Energie Hydraulique, UNCNRSE secretariat, New York 1981
United Nations, Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs, Natural Resources of Developing Countries: Investigation, Development and Rational Utilization, Report of the Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology to Development, New York 1970
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Earth Manual: a Guide to the Use of Soils as Foundations and Construction Materials for Hydraulic Structures, Denver 1960
Vischer, D. & Huber, A., Wasserbau, Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1979
VITA, The Planning, Installation and Maintenance of Low-Voltage Rural Electrification Systems and Subsystems, Mt. Rainier 1979
Viteri, H., Financial Aspects, in NRECA, Small Hydroelectric Powerplants, p 274 ff.
Water Power and Dam Construction, various articles on Mini-Hydro, January 1979
Wilson, P.N., Water-Driven Prime Movers, in Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1, VITA 001686, Mt. Rainier
World Bank, Energy in the Developing Countries, Washington, D.C. 1980
World Bank, Rural Electrification, Washington D.C. 1975
Wright, D.L., An Appraisal of Some Recent Micro-Hydro Installations in Nepal, ITIS, Rugby
AC: Alternating Current
ADB/N: Agricultural Development Bank Nepal
ATDO: Appropriate Technology Development Organisation, Islamabad,Pakistan
BEW: Butwal Engineering Works, private limited, Butwal, Nepal
BYS: Balaju Yantra Shala private limited, Kathamodu, Nepal
CEDT: Centre for Electronics Design Technology, Bangalore, India
CMEC: China Machinery Export Corporation, Beijing, China
DC: Direct Current
DOE: U.S. Department of Energy
EAP & L: East African Power and Lighting Company, Ltd.
EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne, Switzerland (Swiss Federal Institue of Technology
ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
ETHZ: Eidgenössiche Technische Hochschule, Zurich, Switzerland (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)
GATE: German Appropriate Technology Exchange, Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany
GRET: Groupe de Recherche et d'Echanges Technologiques, Paris, France
GWh: Giga Watthour (see also Annex V)
HMG: His Majesty's Government of Nepal
HP: Horsepower (see also Annex V)
HPS: Hydropower Station
H.T.: High Tension (>1000 V)
HTL: Höhere Technische Lehranstalt (Swiss Engineering College)
Hz: Hertz = cycles per second
IER: Internal Economic Rate of Return
kg: kilogram
kgce: kilogram coal equivalent (see also Annex V)
kgce/c.y.: kilogram coal equivalent per capita and year
km: kilometer = 1000 m
kVA: kilo Volt Ampere, equivalent to kW at a power factor of 1 (Apparent Power) kWh: kilo Watthour (see also Annex V)
LDC: Least Developed Country as per U.N. definition
LNG: Liquid Natural Gas
LPG: Liquid Petroleum Gas l/s: liters per second
L.T.: Low Tension (<1000 V) m: meter mm: millimeter, 1000 mm = 1 m m³/s Cubic meters per second (Unit for Mass Flow Rate)
MW: Mega Watts (see also Annex V)
NEA: National Energy Administration of Thailand, Bangkok
NRECA: National Rural Electric Co-operative Association, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
NRs: Rupees, Nepal-currency, NRs 12 = U.S. $ 1
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
OLADE: Organizacion Latinoamericana de Energia (Latin-American Energy Organisation, Quito, Ecuador)
PE: Polyethylene
PVC: Poly Vinyl Chloride
RPM: Revolutions per Minute
SATA: Swiss Association for Technical Assistance in Nepal comprising the Swiss Government Development Co-operation and HELVETAS, a non-profit organisation, Kathmandu, Nepal
SHDB: Small Hydel Development Board, Department of Electricity, Kathmandu, Nepal
SKAT: Schweizerische Kontaktstelle fur Angepasste Technik (Swiss Center for Appropriate Technology) St. Gall, Switzerland
TANESCO: Tanganyika Electric Supply Company, Ltd.
UEB: Uganda Electricity Board
UMN: United Mission to Nepal
UNCNRSE: United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy (to be held August 81 in Nairobi, Kenya)
UNESCO: United Nations, Economic, Social and Cultural Organisation
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, Vienna, Austria
U.S. A.I.D.: United States Agency for International Development
VITA: Volunteers in Technical Assistance, Mt. Rainier, U.S.A.
W: Watt (see also Annex V)
WMO: World Meteorological Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland
Aebi Hans
Tavelweg
4914 Roggwil, Switzerland
··Manufactures small turbines (Kaplan, Pelton) upto 160 kW
Atlantic, Gulf + Pacific Company of Manila, Inc.
P.O.Box 69
MCC
Makati
Metro Manila, Philippines
· Manufacture Francis, Pelton and propeller turbines in the range from 10-500 kW
Balaju Yantra Shala private limited
P.O.Box 209,
Balaju
Kathmandu, Nepal
· General engineering firm specialising in the manufacture of Cross-Flow turbines and related equipment. Standardised turbine program within output capacity of max. 70 kW/unit.
Barata Metalworks & Engineering P.T.
Jalan Kaplen P.
Tendean 12-14
Jakarta, Indonesia
· Heavy Industry and general engineering firm. Manufacture Francis-and Cross-Flow turbines occasionally upto 450 kW capacity.
Bell, Maschinenfabrik AG
6010 Kriens/Lucerne, Switzerland
· Highly specialised firm with a standard range of newly developed S-Propeller turbines from 0.1 -1 MW capacity. Also manufacture large units of Francis and Pelton.
Butwal Engineering Works
P.O.Box 1
Butwal, Nepal
· General engineering firm specialising in the manufacture of Cross-Flow turbines and related equipment. Standardised turbine program within output capacity of max. 70 kW/unit.
Canyon Industries, Inc.
5346 Mosquito Lake Road
Deming,
Washington 98244, USA
· Manufacture Cross-Flow and Pelton turbines in the range from 1-over 100 KW
J.M. Chappalaz
Mini centrales hydroélectrique
1445
Vuiteboeuf, Switzerland
· Manufacture small Pelton and CF turbines 5 -50 kW, undertake consultancies for design + development of sites
China National Machinery Imp & Exp Corporation
12 Fu Xing
Men Wai Street
Beijing, PR China
· Exporters of Small Hydro turbines 12 to 12'000 kW of Francis, Pelton, Kaplan and Turgo-type. also:
-Alternators upto 12 MW capacity
-Speed governors of various
types and other accessories.
Cornell Pump Co.
2323 S.E. Harvester Drive
Portland,
Oregon 97222, USA
· Manufacture complete turbo-generating sets in the range from 5 -20 kW, using reversible pump-turbines.
CP Electronics
Hydro Division
Pottery Road
Bovey
Tracey, Devon TQ 139 DS U.K.
· Manufacture electronic load controllers single and three phase versions up to max 120 kW capacity.
Disag Dieselmotoren AG
7320 Sargans, Switzerland
· Manufacturer of Cross-Flow turbines and Pelton turbines in the small range. Also produce a small governor.
Drees GmbH
Postfach 43
4760 Werl, Federal Republic of
Germany
·Manufacture a variety of Pelton and Francis turbines in the
small range.
Markus Eisenring
Engineering
Bienenstr. 21
9244
Niederuzwil, Switzerland
· Undertakes consultancies for design and development of sites
Elektro GmbH
St. Gallerstrasse 27
8400 Winterthur,
Switzerland
··Manufacture small Pelton sets with output upto 27 kW beside non-related other equipment.
Enterprise électrique S.A.
Avenue de France 13
1951 Sion,
Switzerland
· Offer compact Pelton units (vertical axis) with topmounted alternators in the range from 1 to 200 kW.
F. Enzfelder
Eichengasse 597
2551 Enzesfeld-Lindabrunn,
Austria
· Manufacture compact smallest range Pelton units upto 4 kW
F. Bamford + Co Ltd.
Ajax Works, Whitehill
Stockport, UK
· Manufacture propeller turbines 100-2000 kW
Fuji Electronic Co.
New Yurokucho Bldg.
Yurokucho
1-chome
Chiyodaku
Tokyo 100, Japan
· Manufacture tubular turbines above approx.400 kW
GEC Machines Limited
Mill Road
Rugby, Warwickshire,
England CV21 1BD
· Manufacturer of complete electrical generating equipment with capacities from approx. 500 kW to 10 MW
Gilbert Gilkes & Gordon Ltd.
Kendal, Cumbria LA9 7BZ
England
· Manufacturer of Francis, turgo and Pelton-turbines with capacity upto 350 kW Also manufacture control equipment beside other non-related products.
Hugentobler Maschinenbau
Rüteli
9249 Algetshausen,
Switzerland
· Manufacture Pelton turbines and small Cross-Flow turbines.
Hydro Electra
P. von Rotz
Postfach
9435 Heerbrugg,
Heerbrugg, Switzerland
· Offer a large range of used turbines and complete hydro generating sets for sale. Also undertake consultancy.
Hydro Sistems (Tasmania) pty.ltd.
G.P.O. Box 536F
Hobart,
7001, Australia
· Manufacture electronic load controllers standard 12 kW units Delphi Constant Load Governors
James Leffel & Co.
P.O.Box 1607
426 East
Street
Springfield, Ohio 45501 USA
· Manufacturer of a large range of Kaplan, Francis and Pelton turbines from a few kW upto the MW range
Jyoti Limited
Bombay Shopping Centre
R.C. Dutt
Road
Baroda, 390 005, India
· Manufacturer of a range of water turbines more or less according to the program of Gilkes, including alternators and associated equipment.
KMW AB
Box 1010
S -68101 Kristinehamn, Sweden
· Manufacture S-Turbines 100 -1500 kW
Koessler GmbH
St. Georgener Hauptstrasse
3151 St. Pölten,
Austria
· Manufacture Pelton, Francis and Kaplan turbines in the small range.
Leroy-Somer
Boulevard Marcellin Leroy
B.P. 119
16004
Agouleme Cédex, France
· Manufacturer of a large range of standard alternators from 4 kW to 1'200 kW. Also produce a bulb turbine with built-in alternator for low-head installations upto 34 kW output.
Mitsubishi electric Corporation
Nagasaki, Japan
· Manufacture a very small bulb turbine with 4 kW output for very low-head application.
Neypric SA
Rue Général Mangin
38100 Grenoble, France
· Manufacture axial turbines 100 -1300 kW
Nikki Corporation, Engineering Company
2940 Shin
Yoshidamachi
Koohoku
Yokohama, Japan
· Have recently started manufacture of Cross-Flow turbines upto 800 kW output.
Ossberger-Turbinenfabrik
Postfach 425
8832 Weissenburg,
Bavaria, Federal Republic of Germany
· Longtime producer of Cross-Flow turbines. Have delivered equipment up to 1'000 kW per unit.
Peltech Hydraulic Turbines
5141 Wickersham, Acme, Washington
98220, USA
· Manufacture small Pelton turbine-sets.
Sorumsand Verksted A/S
1920 Sorumsand, Norway
· Manufacture different turbine types 100 -10'000 kW.
Sukarja, C.V.
Jalan Kom. Ud.
Supadio 98
Bandung,
Indonesia
· Manufacture Cross-Flow turbines of local design.
Tamar Designs Ptv. Ltd.
Deviot, Tasmania 7251, Australia
· Manufacture Francis, Turgo and Pelton turbines upto about 100 kW capacity.
Tampella
P.O.Box 616
SF 33101 Tampere 10/Finland
· Manufacture S-turbines 100 -10'000 kW
Thomson and Howe Energy
Systems Inc.
Site 17, Box 2
S.S.1
Kimberley, British Columbia
Canada VIA 2Y3
· Manufacture electronic load controllers, 8 kW, 24 kW, max 48 kW standard units.
Voit GmbH
Postfach 1940
7920 Heidenheim, Federal Republic
of Germany
· Manufacture Vertical Francis turbines 50 to 2'000 kW.
Woodward Governor Company
5001 North Second
Street
Rockford
Illinois, 61101/USA
· Manufacture a variety of speed governors of high quality. W.
Würsch Apparate und Maschinenfabrik AG
Laubgasse 57
8500
Frauenfeld, Switzerland
· Manufacture Cross-Flow turbines upto 800 kW
ADB/N, Agricultural Development Bank
Putali
Sadak
Kathmandu, Nepal
· Local financing agency for a large number of small productive-use, hydro-projects.
ATDA, Appropriate Technology Development Association
Projects
Division
P.O. Box 311, Gandhi Bhawan
Lucknow 226001, India
· Have taken up integrated village development projects,
based on hydroelectricity plants.
ATDO, Appropriate Technology Development
Organisation
1-B, 47th Street, F-7/l
Islamabad, Pakistan
· Work on more than twenty small hydro projects using local Cross-Flow turbines in the output range from 3 to 20 kW
DEH, Directorate for Development Co-operation and Humanitarian
Aid, of the Swiss
Government
Eigerstrasse 73
3003 Berne, Switzerland
· Sponsoring agency for hydro development activities (among other things) in Nepal and elsewhere.
DIAN DESA, Appropriate Technology Organisation
Jalan
Kaliurang km7,
Juruksari, P.O. Box 19, Bulaksumur
Yogjakarta, Indonesia
. Work on village electrification projects with their own design of Cross-Flow turbine.
ETHZ, Institute for Fluid-Technology Sonneggstr. 3, 8092
Zurich,
Switzerland
· Technical consulting in small hydro development.
GATE, German Appropriate Technology Exchange
Dag
Hammerskjöld-Weg 1
6236 Eschborn, Federal Republic of Germany
· Have published a manual on Cross-Flow turbine construction and other related manuals. Maintain an enquiry-service and information network.
GRET, Groupe de Recherche et d'Echange Technologiques
34, rue
Dumont-d'Urville
75116 Paris, France
· Have published an introductory manual on micro-hydro generation. Maintain an enquiry-service and information network.
HELVETAS
St. Moritz Strasse 15
8042 Zurich, Switzerland
· Sponsoring and executing agency of Cross-Flow turbine development at
BYS in Nepal.
ITB, Institute of Technology
Bandung
Departemen Mesin
Jalan Ganesha 10
Bandung, Indonesia
· Have implemented about ten small hydro-projects so far, with their own design of Cross-Flow turbine.
ITDG, Intermediate Technology Development Group
9 King
Street
London WC2E 8HN, U.K.
· Technical consulting and development activities in small hydro projects. Have collaborated in electronic load controller development.
ITIS, Intermediate Technology Industrial Services
3rd floor
Mayson House, Railway Terrace
Rugby, CV21 3HT, U.K.
· Project executing agency of ITDG collaborating with BEW in Nepal (among others).
ITINTEC, Division de Energia
Apartado 145
Lima, Peru
· Have developed a range of Cross-Flow turbines and associated equipment for local manufacture.
NEA, National Energy Administration of Thailan
Pembultan
Villa, Yose
Bangkok 5, Thailand
· Have developed Cross-Flow turbines for local manufacture and implement hydro projects in the small range.
NERD-Centre, National Engineering Research and Development
Centre
Ekala Ja Ela, Sri Lanka . Have developed Cross-Flow turbines for local
manufacture.
NRECA, National Rural Electric Co-operative Association
1800
Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A.
· Assisting in small hydro development in developing
countries on behalf of U.S. A.I.D.
Have organised a workshop in Quito 1980 on
small hydro and have published proceedings thereof. Further workshops are to
follow elsewhere.
OLADE, Organicacion Latineamericana de Energia
Casilla
119-a
Quito, Ecuador
· Are promoting and disseminating small hydro technology in Latin America.
RCTT, Regional Centre for the Transfer of
Technology
Manickveen Mansions, Box 115
49 Palace road
Bangalore
560052, India
· Are disseminating small-hydro technology in the ESCAP region. Have collaborated in organising the Kathmandu 1979 workshop on small-hydro with UNIDO.
RECAST, Research Centre for Applied Science and
Technology
Tribhuvan University
Kirtipur Campus
Kathmandu, Nepal
· Are collaborating in the local development of improved water-wheels such as the Multipurpose Mini-Power Unit.
SATA, Swiss Association for Technical Assistance
P.O. Box
113
Kathmandu, Nepal
· Is the local agency of DEH and HELVETAS collaborating with BYS and SHDB on small hydro development (among other activities).
SHDB, Small Hydel Development Board
Bagh Bazaar
Kathmandu,
Nepal
· Project implementing agency of HMG Electricity Department.
SKAT, Swiss Center for Appropriate Technology, at ILK, Institute
for Latin-American Research and for Development Co-operation, University of
Saint-Gall Varnbüelstrasse 14 9000 St. Gall,
Switzerland
· Technical documentation and consulting in small hydro development (among other activities). Development of Cross-Flow turbine T3 in collaboration with other institutions in Switzerland.
SPATF South Pacific Appropriate Technology Foundation
P.O.
Box 6937
Boroko Papua New Guinea
· Work on village electrification projects based on hydropower.
THE, Technical University of Eindhoven
Den Dolech
2
Postbus 513
5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
· Development of Cross-Flow turbine in collaboration with ITB, Bandung. Also thesis work on other turbine types and load controllers.
UMN, United Mission to Nepal
Thapathali
Kathmandu, Nepal
· Sponsoring agency for small hydro development activities in BEW, Butwal and other local organisations.
UNIDO, United Nations Development
Organisation
Lerchenfeldstrasse 1
P.O. Box 707
1011 Vienna, Austria
· Are promoting and disseminating small hydro technology. Have organised workshop and study tour on small hydro at Hanghzhou, Manila 1980
VITA, Volunteers in Technical Assistance
3706 Rhode Island
Ave.
Mt. Rainier 20822, Maryland, U.S.A.
· Information and documentation on small hydro technology within a comprehensive renewable energy program.
|
Unit |
Abbreviation |
(Equivalent Values Lie in Vertical Columns) |
|
Barrels per Day |
BDOE | | | | | | | | |
.013 |
1 |
1.6 |
2.74 |
|
Oil Equivalent (a) |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
|
Metric tons of |
Mtce | | | | | | |
0.05 |
0.21 |
1 |
77.5 |
125 |
212 |
|
Coal Equivalent (b) |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
|
Barrels of Oil |
BOE | | | | | |
.0047 |
0.25 |
1 |
4.7 |
365 |
586 |
10³ |
|
Equivalent (c) |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| |
|
Kilograms of |
kgce | | | | |
1 | |
53.5 |
212 |
103 |
77.5 |
125 |
212 |
|
Coal Equivalent |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
x10³ |
x10³ |
x10³ |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
Kilocalories |
| | |
| | |
18.7 |
1000 |
3970 |
18.7 |
1.45 |
2.33 |
3.97 |
|
per Day (a) |
| | |
| | |
| | |
x10³ |
x106 |
x106 |
x106 |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
Kilowatthours |
kWh |
0.28 | | | |
1 |
8.0 |
428 |
1700 |
8000 |
0.62 |
106= |
1.7 |
|
(10³ watt-hours) | | | | | | | | | | |
X106 |
1GWH |
X106 |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
Kilocalories |
kcal |
240 |
0.24 |
0.25 |
1 |
860 |
6.9 |
3.65 |
1.45 |
6.9 |
530 |
860 |
1.45 |
|
(10³ calories) |
| | |
| | |
x10³ |
x105 |
x106 |
x106 |
x106 |
x106 |
x109 |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
British Thermal |
BTU |
950 |
0.95 |
1 |
4.0 |
3413 |
27.3 |
1.46 |
5.8 |
27.3 |
2.12 |
3.4 |
5.8 |
|
Units | | | | | |
x10³ |
X106 |
X |
106 |
X106 |
x109 |
x109 |
x109 |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
Kilojoules |
kJ | |
1 |
1.06 |
4.2 |
3600 |
28.8 |
1.54 |
6.1 |
28.8 |
2.24 |
3.6 |
6.1 |
|
(10³ joules) |
| | |
| | |
x10³ |
X106 |
x106 |
x106 |
x109 |
x109 |
x109 |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
|
Megajoules |
MJ |
1 |
0.001 |
0.0011 |
0.0042 |
3.6 |
28.8 |
1.54 |
6.1 |
28.8 |
2.24 |
3.6 |
6.1 |
| | | | | | | | |
x10³ |
x10³ |
x10³ |
x106 |
x106 |
106 |
(a) Equivalents in other units are shown on a per annum basis.
For example, one barrel per day of oil, maintained for a year, equals 2.24 x 10
kilojoules.
(b) One metric ton = 1000 kilograms = 2202 pounds = 1.1 short
tons.
(c) One barrel of oil = 5.8 million BTU.
STANDARD POWER CONVERSIONS
|
Unit |
Abbreviation |
(Equivalent Values Lie in Vertical Columns) | ||||||||
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Watt |
W |
1 |
1000 |
106 |
109 |
9.81 |
735.5 |
1 |
4185.9 |
1055.1 |
|
kilo Watt |
kW |
0.001 |
1 |
1000 |
106 |
0.0098 |
0.736 |
0.001 |
4.19 |
1.06 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Mega Watt |
MW | |
0.001 |
1 |
1000 | | | |
0.0042 |
0.0011 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Giga Watt |
GW | | |
0.001 1 | |
| | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
Meter-kilogram |
mkp/s |
0.102 |
102 |
1.02 |
1.02 |
1 |
75 |
0.102 |
427 |
107.6 |
|
- force per second |
| | |
x105 |
x108 |
| | |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Horse power |
HP |
0.0014 |
1.36 |
1359.6 |
1.36 |
0.0133 |
1 |
0.0014 |
5.69 |
1.43 |
| | | | | |
x106 |
| | |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
Joule per second |
J/s |
1 |
1000 |
106 |
109 |
9.81 |
735.5 |
1 |
4185.9 |
1055.1 |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|
kilo Calorie per |
kcal/s | |
0.24 |
238.9 |
2.4 |
0.0023 |
0.1757 |
1 |
0.2521 | |
|
second | | | | |
x105 |
| | |
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|
British Thermal |
BTU/s |
0.0001 |
0.95 |
947.8 |
9.5 |
0.0093 |
0.6971 |
0.0001 |
3.97 |
1 |
|
Unit per second |
| | |
|
x105 |
| | |
| |
 |
