Maca (Lepidium meyenni)
Common name
MACA.
Botanical name
Lepidium meyenni Walp.
Family
Cruciferae.
Botany
A turnip-like plant with a rosette of 12-20 basal leaves,
roughly elliptical in outline, formed by a flat and fleshy rachis, with minute
lobes distally arranged. The basal lobes are elliptical, entire, about 0.5 cm
long, the medium and upper lobes are deeply dissected and about I cm in length.
Below the ground the central axis is a fleshy structure consisting of the
swollen tap root and hypocotyl, similar in general shape to a globe salad
radish, but ending in a thick strong root with numerous lateral rootless. The
flowers are whitish, about 0.5 cm long, on slender pedicels. The fruit is a
2-celled silicula and the seeds are ovoid, about 0.2 cm long, smooth and
reddish.
Origin and distribution
The mace originated in the high Andes and is rarely found
outside this region. It is cultivated to a limited extent in the high Andean
plateau region of Peru and Bolivia at an altitude of 3 500-4 000 m.
Cultivation conditions
Maca grows well at high altitudes and is very resistant to
frost. The plant is severely exhaustive of the soil so that after cropping the
plots are normally left fallow for 10 years.
Planting procedure
Material - mace is propagated from seed which is obtained from
specially selected plants. These are transplanted after harvesting into heavily
manured plots and left to produce seed.
Method - the seeds are mixed with fine earth and scattered onto
the carefully worked soil and then one or two sheep are allowed to walk over the
plot to press the seeds into the soil. The seedlings are not usually thinned and
no after-care is given.
Seed rate - approximately 300 kg of seeds per hectare.
Growth period
The crop takes 8-10 months to reach maturity.
Harvesting
Macas are usually harvested after frost has damaged the leaves;
the plants are dug up by hand or hoes, the leaves are removed and the roots
cleaned and dried in the sun. All the roots are harvested, even very small ones.
Dried maces are stored in bags. They will keep in good condition for years,
although after the second year the flavour deteriorates.
Primary product
Roots - the swollen root-hypocotyl is rich in starch and sugars
and can be creamy-yellow or light or dark purple in colour; yellow ones are
usually the most popular.
Main use
The mace is used as a food both fresh and dry. It is often
cooked in milk or water to form a porridge, which has a sweet aromatic taste and
is considered a delicacy.
Subsidiary uses
The roots are sometimes used as a flavouring for a local
alcoholic beverage called 'aguardiente'; they are also used medicinally to
increase fertility.
Special features
In addition to starch and sugars, the presence of alkaloids,
fatty acids, tannins and small quantities of saponins has been reported.
Major influences
Although traditionally a useful food crop in the inhospitable
high altitude regions of the Andes, cultivation of the mace is declining.
However, germplasm has been collected and is being held under the supervision of
IICA, Turrialba, Costa Rica.
Bibliography
ANON. 1979. Collecting in the Andes. Plant Genetic Resources
Newsletter, No. 37, p. I I. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of
the
United Nations, 28 pp.
LÉON, J. 1964. Plantas alimenticias andinas. Instituto
Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas, Zona Andina, Lima, Peru, Boletín Técnico,
No. 6, pp. 43-46.
LEON, J. 1964. The 'mace' (Lepidium meyenii), a little known
food plant of Peru. Economic Botany, 18, 122-127.
LÉON, J. 1967. Andean tuber and root crops: origin and
variability. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Root Crops
(Trinidad, 1967) (Tai, E. A., Charles, W. B., Haynes, P. H., Iton, E. F. and
Leslie, K. A., eds), Vol. 1, Section 1, pp. 118-123. St. Augustine, Trinidad:
University of the West Indies (2 vole).
LÉON, J. 1977. Origin, evolution and early dispersal of root and
tuber crops. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the International Society for
Tropical Root Crops (Colombia, 1976), IDRC-080e (Cock, J., MacIntyre, R. and
Graham, M., eds), pp. 20-36. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research
Centre, 277pp.
MONTALDO, A. 1972. Maca. Cultivo de raíces y tubérculos
tropicales, p. 234. Lima, Peru: Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas
de la OEA, 284
pp.
