 |  | Jojoba: New Crop for Arid Lands, New raw Material for Industry (BOSTID, 1985, 100 p.) | ||
 |  | Appendixes | ||
|  | Appendix A | ||
| | Appendix B | ||
| | Appendix C | ||
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Jojoba Outside North America
Today, the largest jojoba plantations are in the United States, but more and more countries are establishing trial plots or growing the crop commercially. Sizable plantations are under cultivation in Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico, South Africa, and a few other nations. Experimental plots exist in several dozen more. Below is a rough overview of those that have been most widely reported. This is no more than a passing snapshot of the scene in 1984-1985; with so much planting going on, as well as the natural failures of some trials, no single statement can remain current for long.
These experiences, however small, are significant beyond their size. From such early plantings, nations can get an inkling of how well the crop may fare within their borders. Potential investors can observe the variability inherent in jojoba propagated by seed. And growers are likely to discover high-yielding plants with particular adaptability to local conditions. Thus, plantings like these could be the nucleus for a "second generation" of superior plants. If vegetatively propagated, quality specimens of this kind will much increase the likelihood of bringing successful jojoba farming to the region.
Indeed, any area proposing to begin jojoba production should establish seeded plots for observation, monitoring, and germplasm selection. In most cases, these will not produce profitable amounts of oil for large-scale commerce, but they are a vital foundation for building a flourishing jojoba-growing industry.
Latin America
Mexico
Extensive harvesting of the native jojoba stands of Baja California and the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico began in the 1970s. The large quantities of seed gathered from these wild shrubs has made Mexico the world's principal producer of jojoba oil. Jojoba oil extraction companies have been established at Hermosillo, Ensenada, Caborca, and other centers. Most of the product is exported to Japan, but five different brands of jojoba cosmetics are marketed in Mexico.
After 12 years of research on cultivation, harvesting, extraction, and commercialization of seed and oil, Mexico has been able to establish the foundation of a jojoba-based industry. About 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares) of private jojoba farms have become the early proving grounds for the crop. In most areas of northwestern Mexico, the plants are growing well in both dry-farmed and irrigated areas.
Near Hermosillo, the captial of Sonora, some 3.5-year-old plants are 5-6 feet (1.5-2 m) tall and are bearing 50-80 pounds of seed per acre (60-80 kg per hectare). Reportedly, they have required neither pesticides nor fertilization, and some have not been irrigated (after initial establishment), although rainfall in the area is only 8 inches (200 mm) and summer temperatures reach 120°F (49°C).
Costa Rica
Several commercial plantations have been started in Costa Rica. The first sites selected were in the central highlands, where both soils and climate seem unlikely for good jojoba production. However, after some setbacks the plants are now reported to be growing satisfactorily. Newer plantings in the arid lowlands of Guanacaste province are showing good growth and set seed for the first time in 1984.
Curacao
A few plants are reportedly thriving and bearing well on
this arid Caribbean island.
Peru
An experimental plantation has been installed in an arid area near Ica.
Chile
To foster reforestation, the Chilean government provides substantial financial benefits to tree planters; it also has huge amounts of bare, dry land where rainfall is insufficient for conventional crops. This has stimulated considerable experimentation with jojoba.
Investigations were initiated in 1977 through the National Institute of Agricultural Investigations (INIA), the National Forestry Corporation (CONAF), the University of Chile, The Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion (CORFO - which has 15 hectares or 37 acres in 12 different locations), Fundacion Chile, and several private organizations. The Forestry Department has planted experimental plots as well.
Beyond these experiments and trials, there are 300 acres (120 hectares) of commercial plantations. The oldest is five years old and is in the Camarones Valley in the arid north (latitude 19°S.), where the plant is growing well.
Argentina
The climate of northwestern Argentina is similar to that of the Sonoran Desert. Experimental plantings of jojoba were first carried out in 1977 and 1978 at Villa Dolores in the province of Cordoba. Subsequent plantings were made in the province of Mendoza and, in 1981, in the province of Tucuman.
At Villa Dolores some impressively productive plants, with dense clusters of seeds, have been discovered. Some 6-year-old plants are each producing 0.8 pounds (350 g) of clean, dry seed per year. Most plots are unirrigated, and the region gets an annual rainfall of 14 inches (350 mm).
A major plantation is being established near Cartamarca.
Paraguay
Trial plantations are being conducted in Paraguay's Chaco Desert region. One small experimental plot is 6 years old, and the plants are surviving despite receiving no care. Some other plots have 2-year-old plants that are 2 feet (60 cm) high and are setting flowers and seeds, which is faster than in the United States. In 1985, growers are planting 3,200 acres (1,300 hectares) of commercial plantations.
All in all, Paraguayans are hopeful that jojoba can be established as a common crop for the dry Chaco region where little else can be successfully grown.
Brazil
For the arid northeast of Brazil, jojoba is a promising crop. Since 1976, it has performed well in test plots near Fortaleza, Ceara (latitude 4°S). The first experimental plot was sown on the Campus do Pici, of the Federal University of Ceara in Fortaleza. Between 1977 and 1980, additional small plots were installed in surrounding areas. There are now about 250 acres (100 hectares) of experimental sites throughout Ceara State.
In Fortaleza, some 6- and 7-year-old plants, grown with no irrigation, have reached heights of almost 10 feet (3 m). Some are producing seed in the third year. However, the area's high humidity causes outbreaks of fungal disease in the rainy season.
This work was pioneered by the Federal University of Ceara,
but corporations and private individuals are now getting involved. In 1982 about
3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) of commercial plantations were established - some
unirrigated, and many interplanted with cowpea, cassava, and cotton in the rainy
season.
In the northern part of the state of Minas Gerais and the southern part of Bahia, a private company has recently initiated plantations covering more than 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares).
Africa
Sudan
Sudan has become a leader in introducing jojoba to Africa. Test plots are scattered across the arid northern half of the country, some of them sites with furnacelike heat, desiccating winds, blowing sand, and almost no rainfall. Jojoba has survived all these adversities, although most of the plants have received at least modest irrigation. The areas vary from 3 to 5 acres (1.2-2 hectares) and are located at Dongola, Erkowit, Hudeida, El Rawakeeb, Bara, and Sag el Naam.
This successful establishment is encouraging, especially as the latitude (about 17°N) is so different from that of the plant's native habitat. But survival is not enough: it is jojoba seed that is the commercial goal, and the plants have formed seed at only two locations as yet, notably at Erkowit, a barren upland area not far from the Red Sea.
Although the production has so far been limited, Sudan's early success in obtaining seed from the crop indicates that jojoba might have a significant commercial future elsewhere in the Middle East and the Sahelian zone of Africa.
Kenya
Jojoba was first planted in Kenya in 1977, and today, small trial plantings are scattered in various research stations. For example, some seedlings are growing well near Lake Turkana. A private farm near Voi has 100 acres (40 hectares) planted with seed from California.
Tanzania
Small trial plantations near Moshe and Dodoma have shown
that the plant can survive in Tanzania.
Zimbabwe
In 1980, the Horticultural Investigation Centre of Zimbabwe established nine experimental plots in areas of differing climate and soil, but mainly concentrated in areas with rainfall under 24 inches (600 mm) per year.
Although commercial plantings have not yet been undertaken, some of the plants in the southern part of the country - in the low veld - look promising enough for economic production.
Botswana
There is some interest in jojoba in Botswana, especially for tribal and communal lands, but so far, few plants have actually been grown. Vast areas of the country appear suitable for the crop, but trials are necessary to judge the plant's adaptability more accurately.
South Africa
In the late 1970s, the South African Department of Agriculture and Fisheries sent seeds to experiment stations in various parts of the country. Also, trial batches of seed were sent by private enthusiasts to farms all over South Africa. Those planted at Oudtshoorn, situated in the little Karoo, and those in the hot, dry northern Transvaal (grown with irrigation) have done well. At one place near Cape Town, the bushes grew well for four years and suddenly all died, apparently because of a rise in the water table, which flooded the roots.
The first commercial plantings of jojoba were made in 1979, 1980, and 1981. They are all in the Duineveld region, east of Cape Town, and total 850 acres (340 hectares). Moles, deer, and rabbits have caused problems in jojoba plantings in some areas.
Namibia
Jojoba seedlings have been planted in Otjiwarongo. Reportedly, they are doing exceptionally well.
Senegal
A few rows of jojoba plants are surviving with little care and no irrigation in a 23-inch (580 mm) annual rainfall zone at the forestry research station near Bandia.
Morocco
A few plants grown successfully at Marrakesh have been transplanted experimentally to regions along Morocco's southern border.
Other African countries expressing interest in planting jojoba include Algeria, Benin, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Somalia, and The Gambia.
Middle East
Israel
The harsh environment of the Negev Desert resembles that of jojoba's homeland, and Israeli scientists have been studying jojoba since the late 1950s.
They were the first outside North America to try growing the crop on a relatively large scale, and Israel currently has one of the most significant research programs on jojoba. More than 20 researchers from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev have studied many aspects of its agronomy and product development.
Much of the early planting in Israel was in experimental plots, aimed at developing and selecting superior plants for large commercial plantations. Between 1977 and 1980, about 200 acres (80 hectares) of jojoba were established for commercial purposes in Hatzerim near Beer-Sheva and in the northern Negev Desert. Today, 30 private jojoba growers in Israel have planted about 1,000 acres (400 hectares) in areas from the driest southern part of the Negev Desert to the verdant shores of the Sea of Galilee in the north.
Most of these areas have been directly sown with seed selected from high-producing local plants. Small areas were planted with vegetatively propagated material. All plantings apply trickle irrigation, employing fresh, sewage, or brackish water. Commercial harvests have already been made in the oldest plantations. Some irrigated and fertilized plants have yielded up to 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg) of fruits per plant. There are some notable specimens growing in a saline region near the Dead Sea.
Israel has a commercial facility that offers for export and local use plantlets tissue cultured from Israel's elite jojoba plants.
Kuwait
A few seedlings planted in the late 1970s, and left without care or watering, indicate that jojoba can survive Kuwait's temperatures, which reach as high as 122°F (50°C) in the shade.
Saudi Arabia
A few, much-neglected specimens indicate that the plant will survive and set fruit near Riyadh.
Turkey
Since 1982 a few plants have been growing well on hillslopes near Adana in southeastern Turkey where summers are hot and dry.
Other countries of the Middle East that have expressed interest in growing jojoba include United Arab Emirates, Yemen (Sanaa), and Yemen (Aden).
Asia
India
In the late 1970s, about 1,500 seedlings were planted by the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute at Bhavnagar (Gujarat) on India's west coast and at Behrampur (Orissa) on the east coast. This was the first organized cultivation in the country, and so far the plants are doing well.
At present, there are many small experimental plantations in places such as the National Botanical Garden at Lucknow and the University of Jodhpur at Jodhpur in the Rajasthan Desert.
At Durgapura in Jaipur, 12,000 plants were established in 1981 and first produced seeds 2 years later. The plants are given several waterings during the summer months and one fertilization a year. There have been problems with a biting insect pest and a Rhizoctonia root rot pathogen, but overall the plants are healthy and vigorous.
Europe
Italy
Some 20 acres (8 hectares) of jojoba have been planted on the southern coast of Sardinia using seed from Arizona. Also, about 70 acres (28 hectares) have been established in Calabria, in the southern region of Italy's mainland.
Spain
The Spanish government, through the Institute of Nature Conservation, implemented a jojoba project in 1980. Experimental plots were established mainly in the region of Almeria. The plant has also been planted experimentally near Nijar, Seville, Cordoba, and Amarca. There are some plants in the Canary Islands as well.
Reportedly, in all these sites the plants are acclimatizing well. The total area is about 125 acres (50 hectares) and selections of superior plants are being made with a view to beginning a possible industry. A Spanish jojoba association was established in 1984. Jojoba is seen as a possible crop for diversifying agriculture in the south and southeastern parts.
Other European countries planting trial crops are Greece and Cyprus.
Pacific
Australia
Australia has the capacity to be a big contributor to the world supply of jojoba. During the past decade, state departments of agriculture or forestry as well as the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) have set up trial nurseries in all the mainland states and in the Northern Territory. The plants are growing in many different environments. For example, CSIRO's Division of Plant Industry has established observational nurseries at locations ranging from Moomba in the South Australian desert to Murwillumbah in a subtropical area near the northern coast of New South Wales.
In Canberra, the CSIRO is also studying jojoba in a controlled environment laboratory. The work aims to find out more about rates of photosynthesis and water use, the factors that induce flower development, environmental factors affecting fruit growth, and propagation methods.
Apart from these government-sponsored programs, private entrepreneurs have begun investing in jojoba plantations. These are located in selected areas of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia. They range from individual and corporate investments to syndicates. Some plantations have proved highly productive; some have failed. By late 1984 there were about 20 commercial plantations in all, totalling some 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares). The oldest dated from 1978, but the median age was 3-4 years. The planting of improved seed began only in 1984, so most sites have extremely variable plants. In some areas the plants survived the worst drought in Australia's history.
Despite these early developments, the Director-General of Agriculture for the state of New South Wales recently warned that jojoba is still an experimental crop and that potential investors need substantial financial resources if they are to become involved. One particular hazard is that most parts of Australia get some frost.
Jojoba seems notably promising for regions on the periphery of the huge "wheat belt." Frost is light there, and it is thought that strains that can tolerate such conditions can be selected.
New Zealand
Adventurous horticulturists have planted a few jojobas in various parts of the North Island for observation.
Hawaii
Jojoba was first introduced to Hawaii in 1973. Richard Bullock and his students at the University of Hawaii grew the plant at various elevations on several islands as a trial. The most successful was at an elevation of 1,800 feet (600 m) on the island of Maui, where the plants thrived; some have set seed well even in their third year. One entrepreneur is now establishing a commercial plantation. The major problem is that the tropical year-round warmth and sunlight causes year-round flowering, which is undesirable in a crop that is to be machine harvested. It is believed that flowering can be controlled using chemical sprays.
Contacts
The following individuals provided information used in this appendix:
Argentina
Ricardo Ayerza, Technical Advisor, La Magdalena, Cerrito 822 - 7 degpiso, (1010)
Buenos Aires
Australia
Thomas R. Lanny, President, Jojoba Association of Australia, 325 Riley
Street, Surry
Hills, New South Wales 2010
A. Lennox C. Davidson, Groundwork Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 124 City, Canberra, A.C.T.
2601
Robert L. Dunstone, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, A.C.T.
Michael A. Hawson, Department of Agriculture, Jarrah Road, South Perth, Western
Australia 6151
Brazil
Gladstone Aragao, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Centro de Ciencias
Agrarias, CP
354, Fortaleza, Ceara 60.000
Chile
Waldo Ceron, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Catolica de Chile,
Casilla 114 D,
Santiago
Gaston Saint-Jean, Casilla 16055, Santiago 9
Costa Rica
Donald Zeaser, Forestales Asociados S.A., Apartado 146, Moravia
Curacao
M. van Wilpen, Postbox 853, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles
Hawaii, USA
Peter M. Amcotts, International Resource and Development Corporation,
P.O. Box
2364, Honolulu 96804
India
Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Waghawadi Road,
Bhavnagar,
364002 Zanjmer, Gujarat
Department of Botany, University of Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan
H. G. Singh, Assistant Plant Pathologist, Agriculture Research Station, Durgapura,
Jaipur-302015
National Botanical Research Institute, Rana, Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001
Israel
Yair Inov, Negev Jojoba Co.,P.O.B. 1831, Tel-Aviv 61000
Italy
Giovanni Mignoni, AgipPetroli, Via Laurentina, 449, 00142 Roma
Mexico
Fernando Lubbert A., Guadalupe Victoria y Colima No. 10 - Int. 7,
Hermosillo, Sonora
Xicotencatl Murrieta, Secretaria de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecologia, Apdo.
Postal A-068,
Hermosillo, Sonora
Paraguay
Julio G. Spinzi, National Commission for Chaco Development, Edificio
Colon I Torre
2 deg piso, Oficina Colon Entre Paraguay Independiente Benjamin
Constant, Asuncion
Senegal
Claude R. Bailly, Departement de Recherches Forestieres et
Hydrobiologiques, Institute
Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), B.P. 2312, Dakar-Hann
South Africa
Keith Pulvermacher, 14 Hugon Road, Claremont 7700
Spain
Antonio Garcia, Departamento Nacional de Olivicultura y Elaiotecnia,
Cordoba
Sudan
Mohamed M. A. Khairi, Department of Horticulture, Ministry of
Agriculture, Khartoum
Mahdi Osman El Mardi, Department of Horticulture, Khartoum
Tanzania
Eric Derrickson, P.O. Box 1545, Dar es Salaam
Turkey
Sami Dinkoglu, Ozler Cadsi Kristal Palas, Kat I No. 16, Adana
Zimbabwe
William R. Mills, 28 York Avenue, Highlands, Harare
Sources for More Information
The best source of continuing information on jojoba is Jojoba Happenings, the official publication of the Jojoba Growers Association. Published bimonthly, this newspaper provides not only information on the latest jojoba developments but also editorials, literature reviews, and advertisements for organizations selling such things as seed, oil, equipment, and land. The annual subscription is $15; $3 per copy. Available from 805 North Fourth Avenue, Suite 404, Phoenix, Arizona 85003, USA. Phone: (602) 253-5470.
Associations
The Jojoba Growers Association is a nonprofit organization of growers, processors, researchers, and suppliers promoting the advancement of the jojoba industry. It holds conferences and symposia and distributes jojoba information, including a membership directory ($10), reprints of a feature article on jojoba from the Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society ($3), and this report. The address is: 3320 East Shea Boulevard, Suite 290, Phoenix, Arizona 85028, USA. Phone: (602) 996-4563.
Other associations devoted to jojoba include:
· The International Jojoba Association, c/o Wm Howard O'Brien, 4350 East Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA
· The Jojoba Society of America, c/o T. K. Miwa, 2086 East La Jolla Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85282, USA
· Jojoba Association of Australia, 325 Riley Street, Surry Hills, New South Wales 2010, Australia
· Latin America Association for Jojoba, c/o Ricardo Ayerza, La Magdalena, Cerrito 822 - 7° piso, (1010) Buenos Aires, Argentina
· Texas Jojoba Growers Association, c/o Fred Jordan, 3616 Howell, Dallas, Texas 75204, USA
Literature Services
Jojoba literature is indexed and entered into the AGRICOLA data base (National Agricultural Library). AGRICOLA is available from the Dialog and SDC Orbit System computer database vendors.
The Office of Arid Lands Studies at the University of Arizona (845 North Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA) maintains a comprehensive collection of jojoba literature, and will provide photocopies of any jojoba-related article. (The cost, in mid-1985, is U.S. 10 cents per page.)
Conference Reports
The proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and its Uses (held in Beer-Sheva, Israel, October 1984) are being prepared. This book will contain more than 50 papers and will be the most up-to-date detailed account of many aspects of jojoba, from agronomy to acne control. (To order, contact J. Wisniak, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.)
Haase, Edward F. and McGinnies, William G., eds. 1972. Jojoba and Its Uses - An International Conference, University of Arizona, June 1972. Available from the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, 845 North Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA. 81 pages.
Elias-Cesnik, Anna, ed. Jojoba and Its Uses Through 1982. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, October 11-15, 1982, Tucson, Arizona. Available from the Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona.
Bibliographies
Jojoba: Guide to the Literature. 1982. Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson. This 232-page document is a comprehensive guide to the literature on jojoba. It includes: an annotated bibliography citing jojoba-specific research works; a selected bibliography of historical, ethnobotanical, and early taxonomic and systematic literature; a key word index; and full botanical illustrations of the jojoba plant.
This book is available from the Office of Arid Lands Studies for $15 (for air parcel post add $3 Canada/Mexico, or $7 overseas; Arizona residents must add 4 percent sales tax).
All 600 articles in Jojoba: Guide to the Literature are being put on microfiche. Copies of the roughly 1,000 microfiche cards (containing 50,000 pages of text) will be available for purchase from Office of Arid Lands Studies. (Expected availability, September 1985.)
Books and Journal Articles
General Reviews
Haumann, B. F. 1983. Jojoba: First harvest of cultivated plantations bringing desert crop closer to widespread commercial use. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 60(1):44-58. Reprints available from Jojoba Crowers Association.
Mignoni, G. 1985. La Jojoba. Edagricole, (Via Emilia Levante, 31-Bologna, Italy) 133 pp. (A glossy, large-format book in Italian; contains dozens of color photographs, drawings, diagrams, and maps. Author's address: AgipPetroli, Via Laurentina, 449, 00142 Roma, Italy.)
Natural History
Gentry, H.S. 1958. The natural history of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and its cultural aspects. Economic Botany 12(3):261.
Agronomy
Hogan, L. 1979. Jojoba: A new crop for arid regions. Pp. 177-205 in New Agricultural Crops, G. A. Ritchie, ed. AAAS Selected Symposium 38. Westview Press, Boulder Colorado, USA.
Hogan, L., D. A. Palzkill, and R. E. Dennis. 1981. Production of Jojoba in Arizona. Agricultural Experiment Station Cooperative Extension Service Publication No. 81132. College of Agriculture, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. 12 pp.
Benge, M. D., ed. 1983. Jojoba: A promising new crop for arid lands. Technical series #14. Available from: S&T/FNR Agro-forestation, Rm. 515D, SA-18, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C. 20523, USA.
Chemistry
Miwa, T. K., ed. 1980. Jojoba. Volume 1. Fundamental and Applied Research Communications, Notes, Reviews. Jojoba Plantation Products, Inc., Los Angeles, California, USA. 318 pp. (Available from the author at 2086 East La Jolla Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85282, USA.)
Wisniak, J. 1977. Jojoba oil and derivatives. Pp. 167-218 in Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and other Lipids R. T., Holman, ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford, Great Britain.
Wisniak, J. In press. Chemistry and technology of jojoba oil: State of the art. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Lubricants
Estefan, R. M. 1983. Jojoba as a Possible Lubricant. Paper presented at 74th Annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago, Illinois, May 8-12, 1983. (Available from author, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78284, USA.)
Miwa, T. K. and J. A. Rothfus. 1978. In-depth comparison of sulfurized jojoba and sperm whale oils as extreme-pressure/extreme-temperate lubricants. Pp. 243-267 in Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Jojoba, D. M. Yermanos, ed. University of California, Riverside, California.
Cosmetics
Brown, J. H. 1984. Jojoba. A report on the current status of the jojoba industry including a discussion of several new derivatives that should be of interest to cosmetic formulators. HAPPI, October 1984. Copies available from the author, c/o Jojoba Growers and Processors, Inc., 2267 South Coconino Drive, Apache Junction, Arizona 85220, USA.
Cadicamo, P. and J. Cadicamo. 1982. A study of jojoba oil, its derivatives and other cosmetic oils. Cosmetics and Toiletry 97(2):67-70.
Cadicamo, P. and J. Cadicamo. 1983. A second study of jojoba oil, its derivatives and other cosmetic oils. Soap, Cosmetics, and Chemical Specialties 59(6):36-38.
Libby, H., R. H. Purdy, R. L. Realina, and T. A. Lutgo. In press. Cosmetics based on jojoba oil: I. Oxidation stability. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Shani, A. 1983. Jojoba oil and some of its derivatives in cosmetic health products. Soap, Cosmetics, and Chemical Specialties 59(7):42 & 44.
Taguchi, M. In press. Test results on safety of jojoba alcohol for cosmetic use. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Dermatology
McClatchey, K. 1982. In-vitro antimicrobial effects of jojoba oil. Pp. 289-298 in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Jojoba Oil, Hermosillo, Mexico.
McClatchey, K. 1982. Percutaneous absorption of jojoba oil. Pp. 278-288 in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Jojoba Oil, Hermosillo, Mexico.
Mosovich, B. In press. Treatment of acne and psoriasis. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Yaron, A., A. Benzioni, 1. More, and A. Meshorer. In press. Physiological effects of jojoba oil in laboratory animals. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Antifoam
Pathak, S. G., R. F. de Philipps, R. M. Kerwin, L. L. Hepler, W. Tien, and H. E. Album. 1978. Jojoba oil as an antifoam agent in antibiotic fermentation. Pp. 285-290 in La Jojoba. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Insurgentes Sur 1677, Z.P. 20, D. F. Mexico City, Mexico.
Food
Bizzi, A., M. Cini, and U. Bracco. In press. Absorption and distribution of jojoba oil after oral administration to rats. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Decombaz, J., C. Heise, and K. Anantharaman. In press. Nutritional investigations on jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) oil. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Jojoba and Its Uses, 1984. (See above.)
Wax
Miwa, T. K. 1978. Hardness test for wax formulations from jojoba wax, paraffin, polythylene, and polypropylene. Pp. 265-274 in La Jojoba. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Insurgentes Sur 1677, Z.P. 20, D. F. Mexico City, Mexico.
Detoxification of Seed Meal
Storey, R., N. Bower, C. V. Lovejoy, and R. Taggart. 1982. Analysis of selected nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in jojoba seed from the United States and Mexico. Pp. 21-31 in Jojoba and Its Uses Through 1982, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Anna Elias-Cesnik, ed. University of Arizona, Tucson,
Verbiscar, J. A. and T. A. Banigan. 1982. Jojoba meal as a livestock feed. Pp. 267-280 in Jojoba and Its Uses Through 1982, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Anna Elias-Cesnik, ed. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Weber, C. W., J. W. Berry, and E. M. Cook. 1982. Influence of jojoba meal upon growth and reproduction in mice. Pp. 93-99 in Jojoba and Its Uses Through 1982, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Anna Elias-Cesnik, ed. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Jojoba in the United States
Yermanos, D. M. 1979. Jojoba - a crop whose time has come. California Agriculture 33(718):4-11.
Yermanos, D. M. 1982. Performance of jojoba under cultivation between 1973-1982: Information developed at the University of California, Riverside. Pp. 197-211 in Jojoba and Its Uses Through 1982, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference, Anna Elias-Cesnik, ed. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
Jojoba in Australia
Davidson, S. 1983. Jojoba: cautious optimism. Rural Research 119:21-25.
Hawson, M. C. 1984. Jojoba in Western Australia. Department of Agriculture, Perth, Western Australia.
Jojoba in Latin America
Aragao, R. G. M. and D. C. Monteiro. 1982. A culture da jojoba no Nordeste do Brasil. Banco do Nordeste do Brasil S.A., Rua Senador Pompeu, 590, 60.000, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brasil.
Ayerza, R. 1984. La Jojoba. Editorial Hemisferio sur S.A. Buenos Aires, Argentina. 224 pp. (Copies available from author at La Magdalena, Cerrito 822 - 7 deg piso, (1010) Buenos Aires, Argentina.)
Contributors to the Study
Peter M. Amcotts, International Research and Development
Corporation, P.O. Box 2364, Honolulu, Hawaii 96804, USA
Steve Anderson, Cargill Corporation. P.O. Box 9300, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440, USA
Gladstone Aragao, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Centro de Ciencias Agrarias, CP 354, Fortaleza, Ceara 60.000, Brazil
Ricardo Ayerza, Technical Advisor, La Magdalena, Cerrito 822 - 7° piso, (1010) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Arne Belsby, Jojoba Enterprises, Inc., P.O. Box 396, Desert Center, California 92239, USA
Hanoch Benajahu, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Taye Bezuneh, Department of Plant Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Aliza Benzioni, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Eliott Birnbaum, Institute of Applied Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 1025, Beer-Sheva 84110, Israel
Hugh Bollinger, Director, NPI, Inc., 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
U. Bracco, Nestle Products Technical Assistance Company, Case Postale 88, CH-1814 La Tour de Peilz, Switzerland
James H. Brown, Jojoba Growers and Processors Inc., 2267 South Coconino Drive, Apache Junction, Arizona 85220, USA
Waldo Ceron, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Casilla 114 D, Santiago, Chile
A. Lennox C. Davidson, Groundwork Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 124 City, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia
Jacques Decombaz, Research Department, Nestle, Case Postale 88, CH-1814 La Tour de Peilz, Switzerland
Robert L. Dunstone, Division of Plant Industry, CSIRO, Canberra, Australia
Kelley Dwyer, Executive Director, Jojoba Growers and Processors Inc., 2267 South Coconino Drive, Apache Junction, Arizona 85220. USA
Gordon Fisher, Agrifuture Inc., 3651 Pegasus Drive, Suite 101, Bakersfield, California 93308, USA
William Feldman, Director, Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, P.O. Box AB, Superior, Arizona 85273, USA
Meir Forti, Institute of Applied Research, Ben-Curion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 1025, Beer-Sheva 84110, Israel
Howard Scott Gentry, Gentry Experimental Farm, 37100 Los Alamos Road, Murrieta, California 92362, USA.
R. Guidoux, Research Department, Nestec Ltd., CH-1800 Vevey, Switzerland
Sir Rupert Hamer, Jojoba Management Limited, Southport, Queensland, Australia
LeMoyne Hogan, Plant Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Yair Inov, Negev Jojoba Co., P.O.B. 1831, Tel-Aviv 61000, Israel
Amram (Ron) Kadish, Agricultural Consultant, AG Associates, 1980 Hobart Drive, Camarillo, California 93010, USA
Lawrence R. Knowles, Southwest Jojoba Company, 4325 West Shaw Avenue, Fresno, California 93711, USA
Phillip S. Landis, Glassboro State College, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
Thomas R. Lanny, President, Jojoba Association of Australia, 325 Riley Street, Surry Hills, New South Wales 2010, Australia
Chi Won Lee, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona,Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Henry Libby, Libby Laboratories Inc., 1700 Sixth Street, Berkeley, California 94710, USA
Lourdes A. Lizarrage, (CICTUS) University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Fernando Lubbert A., Guadalupe Victoria y Colima No. 10 - Int. 7, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Cyrus McKell, Vice President, Research, NPI, Inc., 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
Kenneth D. McLatchey, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0010, USA
Roland A. Manolo, So-Cal Jojoba, 891 Navajo Drive, Riverside, California 92507, USA
William P. Miller, Amerind Agrotech Laboratory, Sacaton, Arizona 85247, USA
Kay Mirocha, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA
Thomas Miwa, 2086 East La Jolla Drive, Tempe, Arizona 85282, USA
Bernardo Mosovich, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Walter B. Mors, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Dept. de Bioquimica, ZC32, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
B. Thomas Morring, Indio, California 92201, USA
Daniel A. Murray, Jojoba Plantation Partners, Santa Paula, California 93060, USA
Xicotencatl Murrieta, Secretaria de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecologia, Apdo. Postal A-068, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Karl J. Niklas, Department of Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
William H. O'Brien, O'Brien Industries, 4350 East Camelback Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA
David A. Palzkill, Plant Sciences Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
S. G. Pathak, Fermenta Products, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382, USA
Bernard Pompeo, President, Frank B. Ross Co., Inc., P.O. Box 4085, Jersey City, New Jersey 07304-0085, USA
Ralph L. Price, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Hal C. Purcell, McVay Jojoba Co., 142 Front Street, Avila Beach, California 93424, USA
Steve Reddy, Plant Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
Rudolf Schmid, Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
Arnon Shani, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Lee St. Lawrence, 388 London Road, Deal, Kent CT14 9PR, England
Rolf Stalder, Research Department, Nestec Ltd., CH-1800 Vevey, Switzerland
Robert Stryker, P.O. Box 1535, Florence, Arizona 85232, USA
Masayuki Taguchi, Koei-Perfumery Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
Robert F. Thorne, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California 91711, USA
Anthony J. Verbiscar, President, Anver Bioscience Design, Inc., 160 East Monticito Avenue, Sierra Madre, California 91024, USA
Carole Ann Whittaker, President, The Jojoba Growers Association, 3320 East Shea Boulevard, Suite 290, Phoenix, Arizona 85003, USA
Jaime Wisniak, Department of Chemical Engineering' Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Demetrios M. Yermanos, Department of Agronomy, University of California, Riverside, California (deceased)
Mohamed H. Younez, Tenneco West' P.O. Box 9380, Bakersfield, California 93309, USA
Donald Zeaser, Forestales Asociados S.A., Apartado 146, Moravia, Costa Rica
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